Monday, May 25, 2020
Essay about Pornography and The Decline of Sexual Morality
Sexual morality has declined in America today. The immoral life can be seen all around us. We see it in drugs, alcohol, movies, magazines, gangs, teenage pregnancy, pre-marital sex, and society as a whole. A person can walk into almost any convenience store and purchase a magazine depicting naked women. Videos and movies with graphic sex scenes can be rented or watched in any movie theater. They have become more common than ever before. Almost every movie with an R rating will have at least one sex scene. Even Forrest Gump, a highly acclaimed movie, had a sexual act and nudity involved. Also public television has been known to show nudity and sex. Allusions areâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Pornography is so socially acceptable in todays society, that it is protected by the same amendment to the constitution that allows Pro-Life groups to protest abortion, the first amendment to the constitution. For years, the first amendment has been quoted to support pornography, as well as everything from freedom to protest abortion, to freedom of holding Nazi views. The first amendment was drafted, not to protect boring, popular, or inoffensive views, however, but to protect the right of people to hold and express controversial ideas. There is a line, though. A television network cannot show images of children having sex, but it can show a naked woman, if the perspective is such that certain parts of her body are not seen. In Germany, access is blocked to certain chat rooms which contain pedophile pornography. In Denmark, the government has dropped all legal barriers against pornography for adults. Explicit magazines cannot be sold to anyone under the age of eighteen, showing some morality is still intact in America today, if not entirely. The Churchs stand on pornography is clear and obvious. The Catholic Church is adamantly against all pornography. Pornography ...offends against chastity because it perverts the conjugal act, the intimate giving of spouses to each other. It doesShow MoreRelated The Separation of Church and State in America Should NOT Be Absolute 949 Words à |à 4 Pagescom) This definition incorporates all individuals. All American citizens, acknowledging or not, are included in a belief system. Even atheism; belief if no God, is a form of religion. During the past thirty years or so, our country has seen a decline in the role of religion. With people casting shadows over their religion and putting their faith in separation of church and state, we have seen our country developing moral relativity. This moral relativity is dangerous ground. Most people are ignorantRead MoreSexuality : Constructing Problems And Defining Solutions863 Words à |à 4 Pagesmore control over reproduction and societies then allowed more choice about sexual practice (Macionis, 2015, P. 202), adding cultural issues to what was once a more biological issue. Sexuality social problems began to emerge, such as prostitution, sex tourism, and sexually transmitted infections (STI), to name a few. This essay will investigate these three social problems, looking at the political positions, traditional morality versus individual cho ice, and possible solutions to these three specificRead More Communications Essay1968 Words à |à 8 Pagesseverely tested today as artistic expression is under attack, as some groups seek to impose their morality on the rest of society. Thus, media has become morally and creatively bankrupt. Media shows no values and moral ethics and the content is filled with no other topic but violence and sex. Consequently, media mirrors society by reflecting it as a society with low morals, with crime, sex, and pornography. It contributes to the national breakdown and the moral degradation of society. It has corruptedRead More The Moral Degeneration of Broadcast Media Essay2368 Words à |à 10 Pagesà à à As our technologies advance and our collective morality decreases, the American people are faced with a dilemma which impacts greatly the foundation of our society. What is acceptable in the media? Broadcast media is the most widespread, effective, accessible means of conveying information in the world today. With 98% of American homes having a television set, and 2/3 of those homes receiving cable, TV and movies are the most pervasive means of corruption yet known to our society. So readilyRead MoreRemedy to Immoralities That Are Part of Society Today2031 Words à |à 9 Pageslives. Today, many issues have been raised regarding the decline in morality and the pornification of culture. These issues have become a serious problem around the world and it leaves a big impact on many people regardless of their age, culture and religion. Muslims and non-Muslims are concerned on what the future brings if actions are not taken to decrease these bad influences that are getting more influential especially to the youths. Morality issues mainly come from the mass media such as music videosRead MoreEssay on Filters Are Needed to Protect Children From the Internet1924 Words à |à 8 Pages decided to attempt a new Act.à In 1997, the Child Pornography Protection Act (CPPA) which intended to outlaw virtual child pornography or images that are or appear to be, of a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct was established. Critics responded to this Act with fear, because they stated that this could be applied without restraint, and maybe even against non-pornographic mainstream films that may have sexual contact.à Once again, a new legislation had to beRead MoreUcsb Human Sex Soc 152a Final Study Guide4110 Words à |à 17 Pagescontrolâ⬠accomplished through neglect, abandonment, or outright killing unwanted babies b. Intended function of sex: procreation c. Most condoms were made from animal skin d. 1960s ââ¬â oral contraceptives ( helps spur the ââ¬Å"sexual revolutionâ⬠of that time 2. Feminists led the campaign to legalize contraception a. ââ¬Å"Comstock Lawsâ⬠[contraception was considered obscene] b. Margeret Sanger (Read Box on 19.1) i. Birth control movement 3.Read More Sexually Explicit Advertising is Detrimental to Society Essay1700 Words à |à 7 PagesHelfer grace the cover of Forbes, a traditionally mature financial magazine. However, as any good advertiser knows, sex sells; all people need to do is look at a newsstand or magazine rack. But while it sells, it also offends as the promiscuous use of sexual images in advertising rubs many consumers the wrong way. The current increase of sexually explicit advertising, while increasing sales, has many detrimental effects on society. New regulations or other forms of control need to be implemented to protectRead MoreThe Life and Writings of John Updike Essay1363 Words à |à 6 Pagesmainly around the problem of faith and morality in the modern, the post-Christian world, and the pointing toward the necessity of transcendental belief. It was said that ââ¬Å"Updikeââ¬â¢s writing became sexier as well as more sexually graphic; in essence, he emerged as Americanââ¬â¢s foremost writer of the bedroomâ⬠(Schiff, pg. 5). In the book ââ¬Å"The Coupâ⬠the main character has four wives and one mistress and ending with his exile. The book relates to faith, love, and morality. For example, in the book ââ¬Å"In the BeautyRead MoreShould Prostitution be Legalized?1658 Words à |à 7 Pagesmeans both genders are affected by laws against prostitution. Men and women should be allowed to choose how they want to use their bodies how they wish, and that includes prostitution. People deserve the freedom of choice. While some question the morality of prostitution, citing the Bible or other religious texts, people such as Catherine La Croix, founder and executive director of Call Off Your Old Tired Ethics (COYOTE), say that ââ¬Å"Sex work is no more moral or immoral than the chocolate or distilling
Thursday, May 14, 2020
Abnormal Psy Essay - 10046 Words
Import Settings: Base Settings: Brownstone Default Information Field: Difficulty Information Field: Page Information Field: Type Highest Answer Letter: D Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No Chapter: Chapter 1: Introduction: Definitional and Historical Considerations and Canadas Mental Health System Multiple Choice 1. An illustration of abnormal behaviour would be: A) Soiling oneself once a month at age 14. B) Experiencing anxiety when engaged in rituals after leaving the house. C) Losing control of oneself in anger, with no apparent provocation. D) None of the above are examples of abnormal behaviour. Ans: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 3 2. A happily married man covertly purchases womensâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦D) clinical training more than research training. Ans: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 5 14. Ernie is struggling with hallucinations. He visits a doctor, who prescribes medication for his symptoms. He most likely visited A) a clinical psychologist. B) a social worker. C) a psychiatrist. D) any of these professionals. Ans: C Difficulty: 3 Page: 6 15. There has recently been a debate regarding whether psychologists should be allowed to A) focus on research rather than clinical practice. B) study social factors influencing psychopathology. C) admit patients to the hospital. D) prescribe medication. Ans: D Difficulty: 3 Page: 6 16. Who delivers the majority of primary mental health care in Canada? A) Psychiatrists B) Psychologists and psychological associates C) General Practitioners D) Social Workers Ans: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 5 17. Who regulates and has jurisdiction over the practice of psychology in Canada? A) The Federal Government B) The Provincial Governments C) The College of Psychologists D) None of the above; the practice is not regulated. Ans: B Difficulty: 1 Page: 5 Type: Canadian 18. To obtain the title ââ¬Å"Psychologistâ⬠in Canada requires a: A) Doctoral degree B) Masters degree C) Post-doctorate degree D) A or B Ans: D Difficulty: 1 Page: 5 Type: Canadian 19. As opposed to candidates in other areas of psychology,Show MoreRelatedAbnormal Psychology967 Words à |à 4 PagesAbnormal Psychology Roshaun Hatchett PSY/410 April 25, 2012 Dr. Christopher Daub Abnormal Psychology Abnormal psychology has been in existence for more than a century. Mental illness was approached from a spiritual point of view. Individuals of certain beliefs would misdiagnose others from the spiritual perspective and would assume that evil spirits controlled his or herââ¬â¢s physical, mental, and observable world (Tyrer, 2010). The following will be covered in this document: theRead MoreHistorical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology1163 Words à |à 5 PagesHistorical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology Abnormal Psychology PSY 410 January 30, 2012 Historical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology For many years, various forms of madness have been noted in every culture. Multitudes of theories, as well as some myths, have been developed to explain such conditions. Societyââ¬â¢s opinion on what was considered abnormal was based on such phenomenon as paranormal forces, the anger of the gods, the influence of the moon, unstable personality, hereditaryRead MoreDefining Abnormality1408 Words à |à 6 PagesIrizarry PSY 410 Abnormal Psychology August 11, 2008 Defining Abnormality Paper As William is walking down the street he notices a young woman walking toward him having a full conversation. Technology, Bill thought to himself, thinking that the young woman has one of those blue tooth ear pieces in her ear. Once Bill is close enough to get a clear view he realizes that the young woman is not on the phone but indeed talking to herself. Bill then thinks to himself ââ¬Å"that was abnormal.â⬠Abnormal psychologyRead MorePSY 322 Spring 2015 2 Essay1346 Words à |à 6 Pagesï » ¿PSY 322: Abnormal Psychology Spring 2015: Kelsey Cullen Erica Goddard MW: 6:30pm ââ¬â 7:50pm Instructor: Kelsey Cullen Email: kelseycu@buffalo.edu Instructor: Erica Goddard Email: elcarlos@buffalo.edu Instructor website: MyPsychLab (See Instructions with your Textbook) Location: NSC 225 COURSE DESCRIPTION:Read MorePsychology and Family Therapy1301 Words à |à 6 PagesPSY 212 - Chapters 12 13 Questions Part 1. Chapter 12 ââ¬â Views of Abnormal Behavior Definition of Perspective | View of Abnormal Behavior | Biologicalviews abnormal behavior as arising from a physical cause. | Causes:Physical cause such as geneticsTreatments:therapy | Biopsychosocialcauses are of central importance but also recognizes the influence of psychological and social factors in the study, identification, | Causes:Social factorsTreatments treatment of psychological disorders | Read MoreApplication of Clinical Pychology1243 Words à |à 5 PagesApplication of Clinical Pychology PSY/480 Application of Clinical Psychology Clinical psychologist are often treating people with mental illness and patients who suffer from severe psychiatric disorders. Clinical psychologist are involved with helping people with abnormal behavior and who may be suffering from psychological distress. Patients are often individualized by psychological, biological and social factors of their case. Clinical psychologist work very close with their patients toRead MoreCase Study-Abnormal Behavior1484 Words à |à 6 PagesCase Study in Abnormal Behavior Valvita Isaac PSY/410 April 4, 2011 Dr. Melda Jones CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY: I certify that the attached paper, which was produced for the class identified above, is my original work and has not previously been submitted by me or by anyone else for any class. I further declare that I have cited all sources from which I used language, ideas and information, whether quoted verbatim or paraphrased, and that any and all assistance of any kind, which I received whileRead MorePsychological Disorder Analysis1506 Words à |à 7 PagesPsychological Disorder Analysis Psy 270 Melissa Guynn 1-22-2012 The purpose of this assignment was to accurately diagnose Marla and to find causes and prospective treatments for her disorder. Marla is a 42 year old Hispanic female who comes to the mental health clinic complaining of having trouble sleeping, feeling ââ¬Å"jumpy all the time,â⬠and experiencing an inability to concentrate. (Joan Rachmel, syllabus description of final assignment) These symptoms are causing problems for her atRead MoreAnxiety, Mood, and Somatoforms982 Words à |à 4 PagesAnxiety, Mood, Somatoform Disorders PSY 410 December 12, 2011 R. Keith Franklin LPC.S Anxiety, Mood, Somatoform Disorders The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is a reference book compiled by different experts to include psychiatrist, psychologists, and nurses. The DSM was created to provide a helpful guide to clinical practices and to serve as an educational tool for teaching psychopathology. The DSM classifies mental disorders in five areas called Axisââ¬â¢s. The areasRead MoreSamantha Garland Disorder of Interest Paper 1359 Words à |à 6 Pagesï » ¿ Disorder of Interest Paper Psy/275 Samantha Garland 01/26/2015 Jacqueline Gat/wood Antisocial Personality Disorder Every person is commonly known for their unique personality, and the traits each of us have that are different than others. One thing many people suffer from is some Personality Disorder such as Antisocial Personality Disorder. Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) is a disorder that is going against and violating other peoples rights (Corner, 2014). Individuals with this disorder
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Conflict Management Blake and Mouton - 3934 Words
Abstract This study presents a review of conflict management approach. It presents the various views and definitions on conflict types of conflict. It further looks at five conflict management styles of Blake and Mouton. In addition, it provides some insight into conflict management from a Malaysian perspective. Introduction Whether conflict within an organization is viewed as desirable or not, the fact is that conflict exists and is endemic. As human beings interact in organizations, differing values and situations create tension. Conflict is thereby viewed as a situation in which two or more individuals operating within a unit appear to be incompatible. When such conflict is recognized, acknowledged and managed in a properâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Nature of conflict Conflict arises due to a variety of factors. Individual differences in goals, expectations, values, proposed courses of action, and suggestions about how to best handle a situation are unavoidable. When we add to this an amount of unease because of uncertainty as to a businesss future, conflict often increases. Perhaps this is why we see such a high amount of conflict today. Changes in technology, global shifting of power, political unrest, and financial uncertainties are facts of life. These factors Ãâ" and others Ãâ" make conflict unavoidable. To some managers, this inevitable disharmony is lamentable and should be avoided at all costs. To others, conflict presents exciting possibilities about the future Ãâ" if managed in a positive, constructive fashion. Traditionally, conflict within an organization has been seen as a sign of a problem. Conflict meant there were differences of opinion, alternatives which needed to be considered, and opposing points of view to be studied. Adaptation, accommodation and flexibility are the keys to survival in such a situation. Organizations are often found to be in similar precarious situations, and the same survival skills apply in the organizational environment. Changes in personnel, clientele, product line, financial climate, and even corporate philosophy and vision will happen. A manager needs to develop flexible new coping skills to continue functioning inShow MoreRelatedBlake and Mouton Managerial Grid1558 Words à |à 7 Pagesunderstanding of leadership, discuss the Mouton and Blakeââ¬â¢s managerial grid Blake and Mouton identified two fundamental drivers of managerial behaviour as concern for getting the job done, and concern for the people doing the work. They argued that an exclusive concern for production at the expense of the needs of those engaged in production leads to dissatisfaction and conflict, thus adversely affecting performance and on the other hand an excessive concern to avoid conflict and maintain good relationshipsRead MoreHandling Conflict2303 Words à |à 10 Pagesevery working organization is having its own conflicts and the way of managing that conflicts are also differ from others. Conflicts can become cause of stress for organization and for individual. There are different types of conflicts and several ways of resolving the conflicts. In this report, the conflicts of one working organization can be shown and the recommendations according to the ââ¬Å"Blake and Moutonââ¬â¢s model of handling conflictsâ⬠to solve the conflicts of the organization. BACKGROUND OF ORGANIZATION: Read MoreMarshall Plant1717 Words à |à 7 Pagesmaintenance, cleanup, and troubleshooting. The wet mill and refinery has about seventy five worker for each 12 hour shift. There are also about thirty employees who work in the office. It states that about 2 years ago Marshall instituted a team management system to enhance productivity in the plant and improve worker morale. They made them have two different types of teams; first teams came on a weekly basis and talked about how improving the plants work process in their own portion of the plantRead MoreLeadership Styles: Robert R. Blake and Jane S. Mouton Essay868 Words à |à 4 PagesThe managerial grid A particular approach to the idea of leadership style is provided by ROBERT R. Blake and JANE S. Mouton. Blake and mouton managerial grid will be showed in the figure below reflect a theme that is common in many approach to leadership. That theme is that effective leadership requires attention to both task and people. We saw the theme in the Ohio state leader behavior dimensions of initiating structure and considerations. Likert also develops this theme in his theme research whenRead MoreLeadership And Team Effectiveness Of Team Success1914 Words à |à 8 Pagesworking environment. There are two leadership theories presented in this course which, among the various theories, can play an important role in effective tem management and composition as well as contribute to an effective team (Bien, 2016). These two theories include the Management/Leadership Grid and Transactional Theory. The Management/Leadership Grid and Transactional Theory both have the ability to positively impact teams and how they behave. This essay will review these two leadership theoriesRead MoreSkills of Leadership and Management Leading to Career Advancement1407 Words à |à 6 PagesThis essay shall discuss the two most important skills in Leadership and Management that leads to career advancement in an organization. Skill 1: Vision and Communication Positional power and authority are no longer the key elements of leadership. Vision, commitment, communication, action, and humor are necessary attributes. A plethora of languages and interpretations, a maze of value sets, and a realization that economic development is closely linked to the needs of societies characterize theRead MoreIn The 1960S, Lewin Was One Of The First To Address Employeesââ¬â¢1139 Words à |à 5 Pagestherefore necessary to satisfy his primary needs but also his superior needs, by trusting him with responsibilities, for example (McLeod, 2016). One of the most interesting work I found was Frederick Herzbergââ¬â¢s. He is really famous in the business management world; he analyzes motivation along two lines: hygiene factors and motivational factors. Hygiene factors are salary, working conditions, safety and status. The factors of motivation are the responsibility of the tasks, the recognition of the hierarchyRead MoreLeadership : Leadership And Leadership16 05 Words à |à 7 Pagesbe a life-long learner. Types of Leadership When studying the various types of leadership one can become overwhelmed. There are four types of leadership that stood out in my studies. The four types are: Situational Theory, Visionary Leadership, Blake-Mouton Managerial Grid, and Transformational Leadership. Each of these styles show varying ways to lead that I have seen exemplified in the lives of leaders through history, the Week 4 case study, and administration in school districts I have served.Read MoreLeadership Styles Of A Ceo1275 Words à |à 6 PagesRobert R. Blake and Jane Mouton (Northouse, 2013), there are five major leadership styles namely Authority-Compliance (9,1), Country-Club Management (1,9), Impoverished Management (1,1), Middle-of-the-Road Management (5,5) and Team Management (9,9). The following diagram is Blake and Moutonââ¬â¢s Leadership Gridà ®, which depicts a personââ¬â¢s leadership style through a managerial grid based on the personââ¬â¢s concern for production and concern for people. High Concern for People Country-Club Management (1,9)Read MoreManagers Locus of Control to Managerial Style2683 Words à |à 11 Pagesstudy is to determine if there is a relationship between a personââ¬â¢s direction of their locus of control and their managerial style. More specifically, their managerial style as it pertains to the Managerial Gridà ® created by Blake and Mouton, and the Six Styles of Management developed by the HayGroup. The objective is to ascertain how influential the personality and self-esteem implications of a personââ¬â¢s locus of control is on their effectiveness in a managerial role. Research Question
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
3 Key Aspects of the Anaesthetic Nurse Role free essay sample
The relationship between the perioperative nurse and the patient has suffered a long process of mutation throughout the last decades. If before all the dynamics experienced within an operating theatre were based upon organizational and logistical aspects, these days the focus lies on the patient and all the comfort and security demanded throughout a process that already reveals itself aggressive for the patient. Being the front-line person in this dynamic, the anaesthetic nurse plays a crucial and intense role on the patientââ¬â¢s experience. An anaesthetic nurse is knowledgeable and technically skilled. However, as Flin and colleagues extensively analysed (2008), the way to safety and efficiency is the combination of technical with non-technical skills. The following analysis is based upon three non-technical skills considered essential for the practice of anaesthetic nursing and for the appropriate use of knowledge and technical skills: communication, situation awareness and teamwork; additionally this essay will consider the way these three aspects influence and complement each other. Due to the lack of extensive literature upon the anaesthetic nurse, many examples and correlations are supported on literature from either other fields of profession or other professionals who also work within the healthcare environment. Communication Communication, from the Latin root communicare, means to share or make common (Valpy 1828). Circular transactional models of communication refer to this complex phenomenon as a continuous and interactive process of information exchange in which crucial elements such as sender, receiver, channel and context are greatly influenced by biological, psychosocial and environmental factors (Arnold Boggs 2011). However it is fundamental to understand that communication is not restricted to words. Body language, posture, facial expression, voice tone and touch are key elements referred to as non-verbal communication (Knapp Hall 2010). This type of communication can have a greater impact on the message than the words conveyed through verbal communication (Argyle 1988), for example holding patientsââ¬â¢ hands for reassurance. Furthermore, when verbal and non-verbal communication sides of a message are not cohesive, the non-verbal cues could become more reliable than verbal information (Mehrabian 1981). Helping patients throughout the perioperative period requires the anaesthetic nurse to identify their specific needs and anxieties, such as fear of pain or awareness during anaesthesia (Kindler et al. 2000), hence the importance of communicating effectively with the patient whilst adopting a patient-centred approach. Moreover, an open and honest communication approach can be beneficial on patientsââ¬â¢ reassurance and compliance with treatment or procedures (National Patient Safety Agency 2007). For instance, warning the patient he might feel some discomfort upon cannulation can avoid unexpected movements as the patients knows what to expect. The interprofessional relationship between the anaesthetic nurse and the anaesthetist also demands effective communication, particularly during stressful situations, for example induction of and emergence from anaesthesia. During these events airway management is crucial and major complications might arise as a result of communication skills (Cook et al. 2011). The case of Elaine Bromiley is a widely known example of how failure of non-technical skills such as communication can overthrow technical expertise and lead to catastrophic outcomes (Bromiley 2009). Similar same skills should be evident with the remaining multidisciplinary team. The National Patient Safety Agency (2007) mentioned communication breakdown events, such as poor patient handover and inaccurate written documentation, as a contributing factor to patient deterioration. For example in the anaesthetic room, a hypoglycaemic episode could be avoided by effective patient handover. Lingard (2004) has studied communication failures in the operative room, concluding that approximately one third of communication events are a failure; additionally, a high percentage of these failures effectively have an undesirable consequence such as inefficiency, delays or mistakes during procedures. In addition, Lingard and colleagues have studied and supported the idea of preoperative checklist and team briefings to prevent or decrease communication failures (Lingard et al. 2008). In fact, the World Health Organization has standardised a surgical safety list (appendix 1) that through effective communication ensures the right patient, right procedure and the necessary steps/actions are guaranteed (World Health Organization 2008). On the other hand, although a team briefing is not a requirement it enhances communication and teamwork and highlights possible issues that can be dealt more effectively if all the team members are aware and help (for example sharing with the team members an anticipated difficult intubation). Situation Awareness Situation awareness has been explained as a three stage process: perception, comprehension and projection (Endsley 2012). According to Endsley, situation awareness begins by perceiving the elements of the environment (Level 1) after which an integration and understanding of those elements (Level 2) will then generate a prediction of near-future events (Level 3). Situation awareness is one of the non-technical skills that were first acknowledged to play a crucial part in safe task performance by the aviation industry, after research on commercial plane crashes concluded that 70% of these were attributed to flight crew failure in non-technical skills (Helmreich 1993). Understanding that aviation and anesthesia shared some concepts (as safety) Gaba et al (1995) transposed situation awareness to anaesthesia which was later referred to as an essential non-technical skill in anaesthesia (Fletcher et al, 2002). Situation awareness is currently integrated in many marker systems that assess non-technical skills performance of several professionals in the perioperative environment such as surgeons (Yule et al. 2008), scrub nurses (Mitchell et al. 2012) and anaesthetists (Fletcher et al. 2003). Although no specific marker system for anaesthetic nursesââ¬â¢ non-technical skills has been implemented, the anaesthetic nurse is part of the anaesthetic team (The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland 2010) caring for the same patient with the same determination. Therefore, non-technical skills such as situation awareness are also as fundamental for anaesthetic nursing practice as are for anaesthetists. Complementing Endsley 3 level theory, the ANTS taxonomy referred to patients, time and equipment as elements of the theatre environment. Moreover, an additional part of having situation awareness is to be alert to what the co-workers are doing ââ¬â team awareness (Tenney Pew 1995). All these fundamental aspects of situation awareness will enable the anaesthetic nurse to deliver good patient care and skilled assistance. For instance, in a scenario of induction of anaesthesia, first stage of situation awareness will allow the nurse to identify the patientââ¬â¢s inability to breathe by looking at the lack of chest movements or maybe the patients colour and alarming monitor for low O2Sats. Level 2 of situation awareness means the nurse integrates this with the fact the anaesthetist injected a paralysing agent into the patient. Finally if level 3 is reached, the nurse will anticipate that the patient will need a patent airway and the anaesthetist will require assistance to establish this. All three levels of situation awareness can be affected or influenced at any point by individual factors such as capacity, memory or mental models (Endsley 2012). Following the scenario aforementioned, for example, lack of knowledge about anaesthetic drugs will prevent the development of a mental model that relates a paralysing drug to respiratory depression. Another situation that creates an obstacle to situation awareness and vice-versa, is fixation. Fixation errors, described as the concentration of attention on one aspect in detriment of other relevant elements, also impair situation awareness, and therefore ability to deliver efficient care (Fioratou et al. 2010). An example of a fixation error the case of Elaine Bromiley (Bromiley 2009) where lack of situation awareness or awareness of only certain elements (in detriment of elements such as length of hypoxia time) lead to the inability to identify a failed ventilation (appendix 2) situation (Henderson et al.2004). Situation awareness lives together with communication. When Martin Bromiley (2009) illustrated his wifeââ¬â¢s anaesthetic incident, a relevant mention was made to the situation awareness of the nurses who knew what was happening and what needed to be done. Unfortunately, communication issues within the team made any positive contribution from the nurses unsound.
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