The Return Shadow Souls Chapter 1 Free Essays

string(44) favorable position of me when he could have easily. â€Å"Dear Diary,† Elena murmured, â€Å"how disappointing is this? I left you in the storage compartment of the Jaguar and it’s two o’clock in the morning.† She cut her finger on the leg of her robe as though she had a pen and was making a period. She murmured considerably more delicately, inclining her temple against the window, â€Å"And I’m reluctant to go outside †in obscurity †and get you. We will compose a custom paper test on The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 1 or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now I’m afraid!† She made another wound and afterward, feeling tears descend her cheeks, hesitantly turned her portable on to record. It was an idiotic misuse of the battery, yet she couldn’t help it. She required this. â€Å"So here I am,† she said delicately, â€Å"sitting up in the rearward sitting arrangement of the vehicle. This must be my journal passage for now. Incidentally, we made a standard for this excursion †I rest in the Jag’s secondary lounge and it’s the Great Outdoors for Matt and Damon. At the present time it’s so dull outside that I can’t see Matt anywhere†¦. In any case, I’ve been going insane †crying and feeling lost †thus forlorn for Stefan†¦. â€Å"We need to dispose of the Jaguar †it’s too enormous, excessively red, excessively gaudy, and too essential when we’re doing whatever it takes not to be recognized as we travel to where we can free Stefan. After the vehicle is sold, the lapis lazuli and jewel pendant Stefan allowed me the day preceding he vanished will be the most valuable thing I have left. The day before†¦Stefan got fooled into leaving, figuring he could turn into a customary person. What's more, now†¦ â€Å"How would i be able to quit pondering what They may be doing to him, right now †whoever ‘They’ are? Likely the kitsune, the shrewd fox spirits at the jail considered the Shi no Shi.† Elena delayed to wipe her nose on her robe sleeve. â€Å"How did I ever get myself into this situation?† She shook her head, hit the seatback with her grasped clench hand. â€Å"Maybe in the event that I could make sense of that, I could think of Plan A. I generally have a Plan A. What's more, my companions consistently have a Plan B and C to help me.† Elena flickered hard, considering Bonnie and Meredith. â€Å"But now I’m scared that I’ll never observe them again. Furthermore, I’m frightened for the whole town of Fell’s Church.† For a second she sat with her grasped clench hand on her knee. A little voice inside her was stating, â€Å"So quit crying, Elena, and think. Think. Start from the beginning.† The start? What was the start? Stefan? No, she had lived in Fell’s Church some time before Stefan came. Gradually, groggily, she talked into her versatile. â€Å"In the primary spot: who am I? I’m Elena Gilbert, age eighteen.† Even more gradually, she stated, â€Å"I†¦don’t think it’s vain to state that I’m wonderful. On the off chance that I didn’t realize I was, I’d must have never glanced in a mirror or heard a commendation. It’s not something I ought to be glad for †it’s simply something that was passed down from Mom and Dad. â€Å"What do I resemble? I have light hair that falls in kind of waves past my shoulders and blue eyes that a few people have said resemble lapis lazuli: dim blue with sprinkles of gold.† She gave a half-stifled chuckle. â€Å"Maybe that’s why vampires like me.† At that point her lips fixed and, gazing into the articulate darkness around her, she talked genuinely. â€Å"A parcel of young men have considered me the most heavenly young lady on the planet. Also, I messed with them. I simply utilized them †for prominence, for entertainment, for whatever. I’m being straightforward, okay? I believed them to be toys or trophies.† She delayed. â€Å"But there was something different. Something that I realized for my entire life was coming †however I didn’t comprehend what. I felt as though I were scanning for something that I would never discover with young men. None of my conspiring or messing with them at any point contacted my†¦deepest heart†¦until one unique kid came along.† She halted and gulped and said it once more. â€Å"One exceptional kid. â€Å"His name was Stefan. â€Å"And he turned out not to be what he resembled, a typical †however flawless †secondary school senior with crunched dim hair and eyes as green as emeralds. â€Å"Stefan Salvatore ended up being a vampire. â€Å"A genuine vampire.† Elena needed to delay to take a couple of gagged breaths before she could get the following words out. â€Å"And so did his flawless more seasoned sibling, Damon.† She bit her lips, and it appeared to be quite a while later that she included, â€Å"Would I have adored Stefan if I’d realized he was a vampire from the earliest starting point? Indeed! Indeed! Truly! I’d have begun to look all starry eyed at him regardless! Yet, it changed things †and it changed me.† Elena’s finger followed an example on her robe by contact alone. â€Å"You see, vampires show love by trading blood. The issue was†¦that I was offering blood to Damon, as well. Not so much by decision, but since he was after me continually, day and night.† She let out a murmur. â€Å"What Damon says is that he needs to make me a vampire and his Princess of the Night. What that converts into is: he needs me all to himself. Be that as it may, I wouldn’t trust Damon on anything except if he gave his statement. That’s one eccentricity he has, he never breaks his word.† Elena could feel an odd grin twisting her lips, however she was talking serenely now, smoothly, the versatile nearly overlooked. â€Å"A young lady associated with two vampires†¦well, there’s bound to be inconvenience, isn’t there? So perhaps I merited what I got. â€Å"I kicked the bucket. â€Å"Not just ‘died’ like when your heart stops and they revive you and you return discussing practically going into the Light. I went into the Light. â€Å"I kicked the bucket. â€Å"And when I returned †what an amazement! I was a vampire. â€Å"Damon was†¦kind to me, I assume, when I initially woke up as a vampire. Perhaps that’s the explanation I still have†¦feelings for him. He didn’t exploit me when he could have without any problem. You read The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 1 in class Exposition models â€Å"But I just had the opportunity to do a couple of things in my vampire life. I had the opportunity to recall Stefan and love him like never before †since I knew, at that point, how troublesome everything was for him. I got the chance to tune in to my own commemoration administration. Ha! Everyone ought to get an opportunity to do that. I figured out how to consistently, consistently wear lapis lazuli so I wouldn’t become a vampire Crispy Critter. I got the opportunity to bid farewell to my little four-year-old sister, Margaret, and visit Bonnie and Meredith†¦.† Tears were all the while sliding practically unnoticed down Elena’s face. Be that as it may, she talked discreetly. â€Å"And then †I kicked the bucket once more. â€Å"I passed on the manner in which a vampire bites the dust, when they don’t have lapis lazuli in the daylight. I didn’t disintegrate into dust; I was just seventeen. Be that as it may, the sun harmed me at any rate. Going was almost†¦peaceful. That was the point at which I made Stefan guarantee to deal with Damon, consistently. What's more, I think Damon vowed to deal with Stefan, in his psyche. Also, that was the means by which I passed on, with Stefan holding me and Damon adjacent to me as I just floated away, such as resting. â€Å"After that, I had dreams I don’t recollect, and afterward unexpectedly, one day everybody was amazed on the grounds that I was conversing with them through Bonnie, who is clairvoyant, poor thing. I surmise I had found the activity of being Fell’s Church’s watchman soul. There was a threat to the town. They needed to battle it and by one way or another, when they were certain that they had lost, I got dumped back to the universe of the living to help. What's more, †well, when the war was won I was left with these peculiar forces I don’t comprehend. Yet, there was Stefan, as well! We were together again!† Elena folded her arms over herself firmly and hung on as though she were holding Stefan to her, envisioning his warm arms around her. She shut her eyes until her breathing eased back. â€Å"About my forces, let’s see. There’s clairvoyance, which I can do if the other individual is clairvoyant †which all vampires are, yet to various degrees except if they’re really offering blood to you at that point. And afterward there are my Wings. â€Å"It’s genuine †I have Wings! Also, the Wings have powers you wouldn’t accept †the main issue being that I don’t have the faintest thought how to utilize them. There’s one that I can feel at times, similar to the present moment, attempting to escape me, attempting to shape my lips to name it, attempting to move my body into the correct position. It’s Wings of Protection and that seems like something we could truly use on this excursion. Be that as it may, I can’t even recollect how I made the old Wings work †considerably less make sense of how to utilize this new one. I state the words until I feel like a blockhead †yet nothing occurs by any means. â€Å"So I’m a human again †as human as Bonnie. Furthermore, goodness, God, on the off chance that I could just observe her and Meredith at this moment! In any case, constantly I disclose to myself that I’m drawing nearer to Stefan consistently. That is, on the off chance that you consider Damon’s running us here and there and wherever to lose anyone attempting to follow us down. â€Å"Why would anybody need to follow us down? All things considered when I returned from life following death there was a major blast of Power that everybody on the planet who can see Power saw. â€Å"Now, how would I clarify Power? It’s something that everyone has, except that people †aside from certifiable clairvoyants like Bonnie †don’t

Frank Lucas involement with the mob in the movie American Gangster Essay

Candid Lucas involement with the horde in the film American Gangster - Essay Example What's more, so as to accomplish that, he got his 100% unadulterated dope straightforwardly from source in Bangkok, where opium plants were additionally developed. Appropriately, he could sell this great dope at a lower cost. He marked his own item as â€Å"Blue Magic† which turned into the main brand of heroin in Harlem and different urban communities in the US. Straight to the point Lucas: The First American Gangster† 3 Frank Lucas: The First American Gangster† And His Conflict with Italian Mafia 1â€Å"Ladies and men of honor of the jury, the State will show and you will hear that Frank Lucas is the most perilous man strolling the boulevards of our city† - Det. Richie Roberts. Candid Lucas is one of the best heroin merchants in US. What made Frank being fruitful was his one of a kind promoting system. He thinks and acts like an official. He understood that he could just make progress once he breaks the imposing business model of Italian Mafia held in New York. So as to do that, he went to Bangkok, Thailand and legitimately contracted with the provider. Thus, he made certain to have 100% heroin and he could even circulate it at a lower cost by removing the brokers. Candid Lucas was then one of the most educated US heroin sellers who additionally made his own business domain, a wrongdoing association worked in Harlem during the late 1960s and mid 1970s. 1 â€Å"He's organized his association to secure him in the equivalent way† - Det. Richie Roberts. Forthright forms his realm with family, evacuating siblings and cousins. Straight to the point Lucas marked his own one of a kind item as â€Å"Blue Magic† which he destined to be 98 †100% unadulterated. â€Å"Blue Magic† which has a great quality was sold at a less expensive cost contrasted and different items. It in the end became renowned and even hit the highest point of the opposition, which likewise bothered the imposing business model of Italian Mafia. Thi s was disturbing for Italian Mafia. Thus Dominic Catanno from a similar pack got together with Frank to discuss the syndication and the other dairy ranchers or the other street pharmacists who were abandoned the opposition. Thus toward the finish of their conversation, they had an arrangement that Frank will consider circulating them his own one of a kind â€Å"Blue Magic† at $50,000 per Kilo. Straight to the point Lucas: The First American Gangster† 4 In the film I didn't generally observe an excessive number of contentions among Frank and the Mafia aside from an issue on sedate syndication. Since the Italian Mafia don't need any opposition as what Dominic Cattano said â€Å"1No, I simply think restraining infrastructures were made unlawful in the nation, Frank, 'cause no one needs to contend, you know. No one needs to contend, not with a monopoly.† Just as the idea of imposing business model, where there is a solitary merchant to wipe out rivalry and costs are set and controlled. Be that as it may, Frank as free and bold as he is doesn't care for the thought. He rather managed Mafia being their provider of â€Å"Blue Magic† as opposed to getting into imposing business model with them. My view of Frank Lucas base on his contention with Mafia is he isn't just bold, yet he is likewise shrewd and he comprehends what achievement means and how to hit the nail on the head. He has a solid will and a solid character that additionally credited to his extraordinary achievement. Furthermore, I think, this extraordinary achievement despite everything turn Mafia as his adversaries at long last as the gathering nearly executed his better half. 1â€Å"Success. It has adversaries. You can be effective and have adversaries or you can be fruitless and have friends.†

Essay Writing Samples - Uses of Writing Samples

Essay Writing Samples - Uses of Writing SamplesThere are many different types of essay writing samples in the World Wide Web. These types of essays have been around for a long time and have not changed much over the years. If you are looking for new ways to write your essay, there are websites that offer you samples that will help you get started.The use of certain essay writing samples is as old as writing itself. The writing process can be greatly simplified if you consider all the pieces you need to put together before you actually write the essay. When you know what you are looking for and how to go about creating the essay, you have the advantage of creating the essay any way you want. This is especially helpful for people who like to create their own essay, but do not know where to start or who to talk to make the process easier.When you study these various essay writing samples, you will learn the structure and the format that is needed to make an essay. You will also get idea s about what types of facts and figures to include, as well as what type of words and vocabulary to use. You will also get an idea of how to add ideas and information that will make your essay flow smoothly and make it stand out from the other essays.In most cases, you will see that some writing samples will look much like other examples. This is due to the fact that there are many different styles, as well as different ways to structure them. It will also help you understand what types of examples that you should use when you are writing your own essay.When you are looking for essay writing samples, you may notice that some of the samples will not look like the same thing every time. This is because they are designed to be different for different purposes. This will be a great benefit to you because you will know what words and ideas you should be using, as well as what types of sample you will use in each different situation.When you do decide to use writing samples, make sure tha t you are working with a quality software program that can give you the best results possible. The software should offer you the ability to use many different types of samples to help you with your essays. However, you should not limit yourself to one type of essay writing samples, as you will eventually run out of ideas.You will find that most writing samples will offer many different options when you look at the samples. You will be able to choose from several different topics that you can use in your essay. This is a great way to get ideas as you are writing your essay.By learning how to use writing samples, you will be able to write a much better essay. It is also a good way to make the essay more interesting and unique, as well as give it a unique look. A good writer can make the difference between a good essay and a horrible essay.

Essay about Pornography and The Decline of Sexual Morality

Sexual morality has declined in America today. The immoral life can be seen all around us. We see it in drugs, alcohol, movies, magazines, gangs, teenage pregnancy, pre-marital sex, and society as a whole. A person can walk into almost any convenience store and purchase a magazine depicting naked women. Videos and movies with graphic sex scenes can be rented or watched in any movie theater. They have become more common than ever before. Almost every movie with an R rating will have at least one sex scene. Even Forrest Gump, a highly acclaimed movie, had a sexual act and nudity involved. Also public television has been known to show nudity and sex. Allusions are†¦show more content†¦Pornography is so socially acceptable in todays society, that it is protected by the same amendment to the constitution that allows Pro-Life groups to protest abortion, the first amendment to the constitution. For years, the first amendment has been quoted to support pornography, as well as everything from freedom to protest abortion, to freedom of holding Nazi views. The first amendment was drafted, not to protect boring, popular, or inoffensive views, however, but to protect the right of people to hold and express controversial ideas. There is a line, though. A television network cannot show images of children having sex, but it can show a naked woman, if the perspective is such that certain parts of her body are not seen. In Germany, access is blocked to certain chat rooms which contain pedophile pornography. In Denmark, the government has dropped all legal barriers against pornography for adults. Explicit magazines cannot be sold to anyone under the age of eighteen, showing some morality is still intact in America today, if not entirely. The Churchs stand on pornography is clear and obvious. The Catholic Church is adamantly against all pornography. Pornography ...offends against chastity because it perverts the conjugal act, the intimate giving of spouses to each other. It doesShow MoreRelated The Separation of Church and State in America Should NOT Be Absolute 949 Words   |  4 Pagescom) This definition incorporates all individuals. All American citizens, acknowledging or not, are included in a belief system. Even atheism; belief if no God, is a form of religion. During the past thirty years or so, our country has seen a decline in the role of religion. With people casting shadows over their religion and putting their faith in separation of church and state, we have seen our country developing moral relativity. This moral relativity is dangerous ground. Most people are ignorantRead MoreSexuality : Constructing Problems And Defining Solutions863 Words   |  4 Pagesmore control over reproduction and societies then allowed more choice about sexual practice (Macionis, 2015, P. 202), adding cultural issues to what was once a more biological issue. Sexuality social problems began to emerge, such as prostitution, sex tourism, and sexually transmitted infections (STI), to name a few. This essay will investigate these three social problems, looking at the political positions, traditional morality versus individual cho ice, and possible solutions to these three specificRead More Communications Essay1968 Words   |  8 Pagesseverely tested today as artistic expression is under attack, as some groups seek to impose their morality on the rest of society. Thus, media has become morally and creatively bankrupt. Media shows no values and moral ethics and the content is filled with no other topic but violence and sex. Consequently, media mirrors society by reflecting it as a society with low morals, with crime, sex, and pornography. It contributes to the national breakdown and the moral degradation of society. It has corruptedRead More The Moral Degeneration of Broadcast Media Essay2368 Words   |  10 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚   As our technologies advance and our collective morality decreases, the American people are faced with a dilemma which impacts greatly the foundation of our society. What is acceptable in the media? Broadcast media is the most widespread, effective, accessible means of conveying information in the world today. With 98% of American homes having a television set, and 2/3 of those homes receiving cable, TV and movies are the most pervasive means of corruption yet known to our society. So readilyRead MoreRemedy to Immoralities That Are Part of Society Today2031 Words   |  9 Pageslives. Today, many issues have been raised regarding the decline in morality and the pornification of culture. These issues have become a serious problem around the world and it leaves a big impact on many people regardless of their age, culture and religion. Muslims and non-Muslims are concerned on what the future brings if actions are not taken to decrease these bad influences that are getting more influential especially to the youths. Morality issues mainly come from the mass media such as music videosRead MoreEssay on Filters Are Needed to Protect Children From the Internet1924 Words   |  8 Pages decided to attempt a new Act.   In 1997, the Child Pornography Protection Act (CPPA) which intended to outlaw virtual child pornography or images that are or appear to be, of a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct was established. Critics responded to this Act with fear, because they stated that this could be applied without restraint, and maybe even against non-pornographic mainstream films that may have sexual contact.   Once again, a new legislation had to beRead MoreUcsb Human Sex Soc 152a Final Study Guide4110 Words   |  17 Pagescontrol† accomplished through neglect, abandonment, or outright killing unwanted babies b. Intended function of sex: procreation c. Most condoms were made from animal skin d. 1960s – oral contraceptives ( helps spur the â€Å"sexual revolution† of that time 2. Feminists led the campaign to legalize contraception a. â€Å"Comstock Laws† [contraception was considered obscene] b. Margeret Sanger (Read Box on 19.1) i. Birth control movement 3.Read More Sexually Explicit Advertising is Detrimental to Society Essay1700 Words   |  7 PagesHelfer grace the cover of Forbes, a traditionally mature financial magazine. However, as any good advertiser knows, sex sells; all people need to do is look at a newsstand or magazine rack. But while it sells, it also offends as the promiscuous use of sexual images in advertising rubs many consumers the wrong way. The current increase of sexually explicit advertising, while increasing sales, has many detrimental effects on society. New regulations or other forms of control need to be implemented to protectRead MoreThe Life and Writings of John Updike Essay1363 Words   |  6 Pagesmainly around the problem of faith and morality in the modern, the post-Christian world, and the pointing toward the necessity of transcendental belief. It was said that â€Å"Updike’s writing became sexier as well as more sexually graphic; in essence, he emerged as American’s foremost writer of the bedroom† (Schiff, pg. 5). In the book â€Å"The Coup† the main character has four wives and one mistress and ending with his exile. The book relates to faith, love, and morality. For example, in the book â€Å"In the BeautyRead MoreShould Prostitution be Legalized?1658 Words   |  7 Pagesmeans both genders are affected by laws against prostitution. Men and women should be allowed to choose how they want to use their bodies how they wish, and that includes prostitution. People deserve the freedom of choice. While some question the morality of prostitution, citing the Bible or other religious texts, people such as Catherine La Croix, founder and executive director of Call Off Your Old Tired Ethics (COYOTE), say that â€Å"Sex work is no more moral or immoral than the chocolate or distilling

Abnormal Psy Essay - 10046 Words

Import Settings: Base Settings: Brownstone Default Information Field: Difficulty Information Field: Page Information Field: Type Highest Answer Letter: D Multiple Keywords in Same Paragraph: No Chapter: Chapter 1: Introduction: Definitional and Historical Considerations and Canadas Mental Health System Multiple Choice 1. An illustration of abnormal behaviour would be: A) Soiling oneself once a month at age 14. B) Experiencing anxiety when engaged in rituals after leaving the house. C) Losing control of oneself in anger, with no apparent provocation. D) None of the above are examples of abnormal behaviour. Ans: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 3 2. A happily married man covertly purchases womens†¦show more content†¦D) clinical training more than research training. Ans: D Difficulty: 2 Page: 5 14. Ernie is struggling with hallucinations. He visits a doctor, who prescribes medication for his symptoms. He most likely visited A) a clinical psychologist. B) a social worker. C) a psychiatrist. D) any of these professionals. Ans: C Difficulty: 3 Page: 6 15. There has recently been a debate regarding whether psychologists should be allowed to A) focus on research rather than clinical practice. B) study social factors influencing psychopathology. C) admit patients to the hospital. D) prescribe medication. Ans: D Difficulty: 3 Page: 6 16. Who delivers the majority of primary mental health care in Canada? A) Psychiatrists B) Psychologists and psychological associates C) General Practitioners D) Social Workers Ans: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 5 17. Who regulates and has jurisdiction over the practice of psychology in Canada? A) The Federal Government B) The Provincial Governments C) The College of Psychologists D) None of the above; the practice is not regulated. Ans: B Difficulty: 1 Page: 5 Type: Canadian 18. To obtain the title â€Å"Psychologist† in Canada requires a: A) Doctoral degree B) Masters degree C) Post-doctorate degree D) A or B Ans: D Difficulty: 1 Page: 5 Type: Canadian 19. As opposed to candidates in other areas of psychology,Show MoreRelatedAbnormal Psychology967 Words   |  4 PagesAbnormal Psychology Roshaun Hatchett PSY/410 April 25, 2012 Dr. Christopher Daub Abnormal Psychology Abnormal psychology has been in existence for more than a century. Mental illness was approached from a spiritual point of view. Individuals of certain beliefs would misdiagnose others from the spiritual perspective and would assume that evil spirits controlled his or her’s physical, mental, and observable world (Tyrer, 2010). The following will be covered in this document: theRead MoreHistorical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology1163 Words   |  5 PagesHistorical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology Abnormal Psychology PSY 410 January 30, 2012 Historical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology For many years, various forms of madness have been noted in every culture. Multitudes of theories, as well as some myths, have been developed to explain such conditions. Society’s opinion on what was considered abnormal was based on such phenomenon as paranormal forces, the anger of the gods, the influence of the moon, unstable personality, hereditaryRead MoreDefining Abnormality1408 Words   |  6 PagesIrizarry PSY 410 Abnormal Psychology August 11, 2008 Defining Abnormality Paper As William is walking down the street he notices a young woman walking toward him having a full conversation. Technology, Bill thought to himself, thinking that the young woman has one of those blue tooth ear pieces in her ear. Once Bill is close enough to get a clear view he realizes that the young woman is not on the phone but indeed talking to herself. Bill then thinks to himself â€Å"that was abnormal.† Abnormal psychologyRead MorePSY 322 Spring 2015 2 Essay1346 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿PSY 322: Abnormal Psychology Spring 2015: Kelsey Cullen Erica Goddard MW: 6:30pm – 7:50pm Instructor: Kelsey Cullen Email: kelseycu@buffalo.edu Instructor: Erica Goddard Email: elcarlos@buffalo.edu Instructor website: MyPsychLab (See Instructions with your Textbook) Location: NSC 225 COURSE DESCRIPTION:Read MorePsychology and Family Therapy1301 Words   |  6 PagesPSY 212 - Chapters 12 13 Questions Part 1. Chapter 12 – Views of Abnormal Behavior Definition of Perspective | View of Abnormal Behavior | Biologicalviews abnormal behavior as arising from a physical cause. | Causes:Physical cause such as geneticsTreatments:therapy | Biopsychosocialcauses are of central importance but also recognizes the influence of psychological and social factors in the study, identification, | Causes:Social factorsTreatments treatment of psychological disorders | Read MoreApplication of Clinical Pychology1243 Words   |  5 PagesApplication of Clinical Pychology PSY/480 Application of Clinical Psychology Clinical psychologist are often treating people with mental illness and patients who suffer from severe psychiatric disorders. Clinical psychologist are involved with helping people with abnormal behavior and who may be suffering from psychological distress. Patients are often individualized by psychological, biological and social factors of their case. Clinical psychologist work very close with their patients toRead MoreCase Study-Abnormal Behavior1484 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study in Abnormal Behavior Valvita Isaac PSY/410 April 4, 2011 Dr. Melda Jones CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY: I certify that the attached paper, which was produced for the class identified above, is my original work and has not previously been submitted by me or by anyone else for any class. I further declare that I have cited all sources from which I used language, ideas and information, whether quoted verbatim or paraphrased, and that any and all assistance of any kind, which I received whileRead MorePsychological Disorder Analysis1506 Words   |  7 PagesPsychological Disorder Analysis Psy 270 Melissa Guynn 1-22-2012 The purpose of this assignment was to accurately diagnose Marla and to find causes and prospective treatments for her disorder. Marla is a 42 year old Hispanic female who comes to the mental health clinic complaining of having trouble sleeping, feeling â€Å"jumpy all the time,† and experiencing an inability to concentrate. (Joan Rachmel, syllabus description of final assignment) These symptoms are causing problems for her atRead MoreAnxiety, Mood, and Somatoforms982 Words   |  4 PagesAnxiety, Mood, Somatoform Disorders PSY 410 December 12, 2011 R. Keith Franklin LPC.S Anxiety, Mood, Somatoform Disorders The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is a reference book compiled by different experts to include psychiatrist, psychologists, and nurses. The DSM was created to provide a helpful guide to clinical practices and to serve as an educational tool for teaching psychopathology. The DSM classifies mental disorders in five areas called Axis’s. The areasRead MoreSamantha Garland Disorder of Interest Paper 1359 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Disorder of Interest Paper Psy/275 Samantha Garland 01/26/2015 Jacqueline Gat/wood Antisocial Personality Disorder Every person is commonly known for their unique personality, and the traits each of us have that are different than others. One thing many people suffer from is some Personality Disorder such as Antisocial Personality Disorder. Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) is a disorder that is going against and violating other peoples rights (Corner, 2014). Individuals with this disorder

Conflict Management Blake and Mouton - 3934 Words

Abstract This study presents a review of conflict management approach. It presents the various views and definitions on conflict types of conflict. It further looks at five conflict management styles of Blake and Mouton. In addition, it provides some insight into conflict management from a Malaysian perspective. Introduction Whether conflict within an organization is viewed as desirable or not, the fact is that conflict exists and is endemic. As human beings interact in organizations, differing values and situations create tension. Conflict is thereby viewed as a situation in which two or more individuals operating within a unit appear to be incompatible. When such conflict is recognized, acknowledged and managed in a proper†¦show more content†¦Nature of conflict Conflict arises due to a variety of factors. Individual differences in goals, expectations, values, proposed courses of action, and suggestions about how to best handle a situation are unavoidable. When we add to this an amount of unease because of uncertainty as to a businesss future, conflict often increases. Perhaps this is why we see such a high amount of conflict today. Changes in technology, global shifting of power, political unrest, and financial uncertainties are facts of life. These factors Ââ€" and others Ââ€" make conflict unavoidable. To some managers, this inevitable disharmony is lamentable and should be avoided at all costs. To others, conflict presents exciting possibilities about the future Ââ€" if managed in a positive, constructive fashion. Traditionally, conflict within an organization has been seen as a sign of a problem. Conflict meant there were differences of opinion, alternatives which needed to be considered, and opposing points of view to be studied. Adaptation, accommodation and flexibility are the keys to survival in such a situation. Organizations are often found to be in similar precarious situations, and the same survival skills apply in the organizational environment. Changes in personnel, clientele, product line, financial climate, and even corporate philosophy and vision will happen. A manager needs to develop flexible new coping skills to continue functioning inShow MoreRelatedBlake and Mouton Managerial Grid1558 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstanding of leadership, discuss the Mouton and Blake’s managerial grid Blake and Mouton identified two fundamental drivers of managerial behaviour as concern for getting the job done, and concern for the people doing the work. They argued that an exclusive concern for production at the expense of the needs of those engaged in production leads to dissatisfaction and conflict, thus adversely affecting performance and on the other hand an excessive concern to avoid conflict and maintain good relationshipsRead MoreHandling Conflict2303 Words   |  10 Pagesevery working organization is having its own conflicts and the way of managing that conflicts are also differ from others. Conflicts can become cause of stress for organization and for individual. There are different types of conflicts and several ways of resolving the conflicts. In this report, the conflicts of one working organization can be shown and the recommendations according to the â€Å"Blake and Mouton’s model of handling conflicts† to solve the conflicts of the organization. BACKGROUND OF ORGANIZATION: Read MoreMarshall Plant1717 Words   |  7 Pagesmaintenance, cleanup, and troubleshooting. 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Vision, commitment, communication, action, and humor are necessary attributes. A plethora of languages and interpretations, a maze of value sets, and a realization that economic development is closely linked to the needs of societies characterize theRead MoreIn The 1960S, Lewin Was One Of The First To Address Employees’1139 Words   |  5 Pagestherefore necessary to satisfy his primary needs but also his superior needs, by trusting him with responsibilities, for example (McLeod, 2016). One of the most interesting work I found was Frederick Herzberg’s. He is really famous in the business management world; he analyzes motivation along two lines: hygiene factors and motivational factors. Hygiene factors are salary, working conditions, safety and status. The factors of motivation are the responsibility of the tasks, the recognition of the hierarchyRead MoreLeadership : Leadership And Leadership16 05 Words   |  7 Pagesbe a life-long learner. 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3 Key Aspects of the Anaesthetic Nurse Role free essay sample

The relationship between the perioperative nurse and the patient has suffered a long process of mutation throughout the last decades. If before all the dynamics experienced within an operating theatre were based upon organizational and logistical aspects, these days the focus lies on the patient and all the comfort and security demanded throughout a process that already reveals itself aggressive for the patient. Being the front-line person in this dynamic, the anaesthetic nurse plays a crucial and intense role on the patient’s experience. An anaesthetic nurse is knowledgeable and technically skilled. However, as Flin and colleagues extensively analysed (2008), the way to safety and efficiency is the combination of technical with non-technical skills. The following analysis is based upon three non-technical skills considered essential for the practice of anaesthetic nursing and for the appropriate use of knowledge and technical skills: communication, situation awareness and teamwork; additionally this essay will consider the way these three aspects influence and complement each other. Due to the lack of extensive literature upon the anaesthetic nurse, many examples and correlations are supported on literature from either other fields of profession or other professionals who also work within the healthcare environment. Communication Communication, from the Latin root communicare, means to share or make common (Valpy 1828). Circular transactional models of communication refer to this complex phenomenon as a continuous and interactive process of information exchange in which crucial elements such as sender, receiver, channel and context are greatly influenced by biological, psychosocial and environmental factors (Arnold Boggs 2011). However it is fundamental to understand that communication is not restricted to words. Body language, posture, facial expression, voice tone and touch are key elements referred to as non-verbal communication (Knapp Hall 2010). This type of communication can have a greater impact on the message than the words conveyed through verbal communication (Argyle 1988), for example holding patients’ hands for reassurance. Furthermore, when verbal and non-verbal communication sides of a message are not cohesive, the non-verbal cues could become more reliable than verbal information (Mehrabian 1981). Helping patients throughout the perioperative period requires the anaesthetic nurse to identify their specific needs and anxieties, such as fear of pain or awareness during anaesthesia (Kindler et al. 2000), hence the importance of communicating effectively with the patient whilst adopting a patient-centred approach. Moreover, an open and honest communication approach can be beneficial on patients’ reassurance and compliance with treatment or procedures (National Patient Safety Agency 2007). For instance, warning the patient he might feel some discomfort upon cannulation can avoid unexpected movements as the patients knows what to expect. The interprofessional relationship between the anaesthetic nurse and the anaesthetist also demands effective communication, particularly during stressful situations, for example induction of and emergence from anaesthesia. During these events airway management is crucial and major complications might arise as a result of communication skills (Cook et al. 2011). The case of Elaine Bromiley is a widely known example of how failure of non-technical skills such as communication can overthrow technical expertise and lead to catastrophic outcomes (Bromiley 2009). Similar same skills should be evident with the remaining multidisciplinary team. The National Patient Safety Agency (2007) mentioned communication breakdown events, such as poor patient handover and inaccurate written documentation, as a contributing factor to patient deterioration. For example in the anaesthetic room, a hypoglycaemic episode could be avoided by effective patient handover. Lingard (2004) has studied communication failures in the operative room, concluding that approximately one third of communication events are a failure; additionally, a high percentage of these failures effectively have an undesirable consequence such as inefficiency, delays or mistakes during procedures. In addition, Lingard and colleagues have studied and supported the idea of preoperative checklist and team briefings to prevent or decrease communication failures (Lingard et al. 2008). In fact, the World Health Organization has standardised a surgical safety list (appendix 1) that through effective communication ensures the right patient, right procedure and the necessary steps/actions are guaranteed (World Health Organization 2008). On the other hand, although a team briefing is not a requirement it enhances communication and teamwork and highlights possible issues that can be dealt more effectively if all the team members are aware and help (for example sharing with the team members an anticipated difficult intubation). Situation Awareness Situation awareness has been explained as a three stage process: perception, comprehension and projection (Endsley 2012). According to Endsley, situation awareness begins by perceiving the elements of the environment (Level 1) after which an integration and understanding of those elements (Level 2) will then generate a prediction of near-future events (Level 3). Situation awareness is one of the non-technical skills that were first acknowledged to play a crucial part in safe task performance by the aviation industry, after research on commercial plane crashes concluded that 70% of these were attributed to flight crew failure in non-technical skills (Helmreich 1993). Understanding that aviation and anesthesia shared some concepts (as safety) Gaba et al (1995) transposed situation awareness to anaesthesia which was later referred to as an essential non-technical skill in anaesthesia (Fletcher et al, 2002). Situation awareness is currently integrated in many marker systems that assess non-technical skills performance of several professionals in the perioperative environment such as surgeons (Yule et al. 2008), scrub nurses (Mitchell et al. 2012) and anaesthetists (Fletcher et al. 2003). Although no specific marker system for anaesthetic nurses’ non-technical skills has been implemented, the anaesthetic nurse is part of the anaesthetic team (The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland 2010) caring for the same patient with the same determination. Therefore, non-technical skills such as situation awareness are also as fundamental for anaesthetic nursing practice as are for anaesthetists. Complementing Endsley 3 level theory, the ANTS taxonomy referred to patients, time and equipment as elements of the theatre environment. Moreover, an additional part of having situation awareness is to be alert to what the co-workers are doing – team awareness (Tenney Pew 1995). All these fundamental aspects of situation awareness will enable the anaesthetic nurse to deliver good patient care and skilled assistance. For instance, in a scenario of induction of anaesthesia, first stage of situation awareness will allow the nurse to identify the patient’s inability to breathe by looking at the lack of chest movements or maybe the patients colour and alarming monitor for low O2Sats. Level 2 of situation awareness means the nurse integrates this with the fact the anaesthetist injected a paralysing agent into the patient. Finally if level 3 is reached, the nurse will anticipate that the patient will need a patent airway and the anaesthetist will require assistance to establish this. All three levels of situation awareness can be affected or influenced at any point by individual factors such as capacity, memory or mental models (Endsley 2012). Following the scenario aforementioned, for example, lack of knowledge about anaesthetic drugs will prevent the development of a mental model that relates a paralysing drug to respiratory depression. Another situation that creates an obstacle to situation awareness and vice-versa, is fixation. Fixation errors, described as the concentration of attention on one aspect in detriment of other relevant elements, also impair situation awareness, and therefore ability to deliver efficient care (Fioratou et al. 2010). An example of a fixation error the case of Elaine Bromiley (Bromiley 2009) where lack of situation awareness or awareness of only certain elements (in detriment of elements such as length of hypoxia time) lead to the inability to identify a failed ventilation (appendix 2) situation (Henderson et al.2004). Situation awareness lives together with communication. When Martin Bromiley (2009) illustrated his wife’s anaesthetic incident, a relevant mention was made to the situation awareness of the nurses who knew what was happening and what needed to be done. Unfortunately, communication issues within the team made any positive contribution from the nurses unsound.

Seven Habits free essay sample

Your character is basically the sum of your habits. Therefore, to become successful, you need to develop good habits in your life. This book teaches you how to acquire the seven habits of truly effective people. The foundation of your success and character should be based on common moral values such as integrity, honesty, humility, courage, patience, justice, the Golden Rule, etc. This is known as the â€Å"Character Ethic†. In the long term, it is easier to be motivated by such principles of integrity and goodness. Your character should not be based on a false public image, hypocritical attitudes and behaviors, or superficial techniques for human interaction/manipulation. That would be known as the â€Å"Personality Ethic†. If your principles were based solely on the â€Å"Personality Ethic†, you may achieve short-term success, but people will eventually see through your dishonest motives and cease to trust you. You will not enjoy long-term success and happiness. We will write a custom essay sample on Seven Habits or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Habits 1 to 7 develop your character in a progressive manner. Learning the first 3 habits will help you achieve â€Å"private victory†, where you learn to move from dependence to independence by taking responsibility for your own life. Habits 4 through 6 teach you how to get â€Å"public victory, by moving from independence to interdependence and succeeding through creating synergy with other people. Habit 7 involves the renewal and balance of your mind, body and spirit. Seven Habits of Highly Effective People The book first introduces the concept of Paradigm Shift and prepares the reader for a change in mindset. It helps you understand that there exists a different perspective, a viewpoint that may be different from your own and states that two people can see the same thing and yet differ with each other. Once the reader is prepared for this, it introduces the seven habits, in a proper order. Each chapter is dedicated to one of the habits, which are represented by the following rules: Independence The First Three Habits surround moving from dependence to independence (i. e. , self-mastery).  Habit 1: Be Proactive, take initiative in life by realizing that your decisions and how they align with lifes principles are the primary determining factor for effectiveness in your life. Take responsibility for your choices and the consequences that follow. Habit 2: Begin with the End in Mind Self-discover and clarify your deeply important character values and life goals. Envision the ideal characteristics for each of your various roles and relationships in life. Habit 3: Put first things first. A manager must manage his own person personally and managers should implement activities that aim to reach the second habit. Covey says that rule two is the mental creation, rule three is the physical creation. Interdependence The next three have to do with Interdependence (i. e. , working with others): Habit 4: Think Win-Win Genuinely strive for the same beneficial solutions or agreements in your relationships. Value and respect people by understanding a win for all is ultimately a better long-term resolution than if only one person in the situation had got his way.  Habit 5: Seek First to Understand, Then to be Understood Use empathic listening to be genuinely influenced by a person, which requires them to reciprocate the listening and take an open mind to being influenced by you. This creates an atmosphere of caring, and positive problem solving. Habit 6: Synergize and combine the strengths of people through positive teamwork in order to achieve goals no one person could have do ne alone. Continuous Improvement The final habit is that of continuous improvement in both the personal and interpersonal spheres of influence. Habit 7: Sharpen the Saw Balance and renew your resources, energy, and health to create a sustainable, long-term, effective lifestyle. It primarily emphasizes exercise for physical renewal, prayer (meditation, yoga, etc. ) and good reading for mental renewal. It also mentions service to society for spiritual renewal. Covey explains the Upward Spiral model in the sharpening the saw section. Through our conscience, along with meaningful and consistent progress, the spiral will result in growth, change, and constant improvement. One is always attempting to integrate and master the principles outlined in The 7 Habits at progressively higher levels at each recurrence. Subsequent development on any habit will render a different experience and you will learn the principles with a deeper understanding. The Upward Spiral model consists of three parts: learn, commit, and do. According to Covey, you must constantly be educating the conscience in order to grow and develop on the upward spiral. The idea of renewal by education will boost one along the path of personal freedom, security, wisdom, and power. Conclusion. This book is not a quick-fix prescription for personal growth. However, if you work hard at acquiring these principles, if you learn them well, think about them deeply and teach them to others, they will eventually become adopted. They will lead to fundamental change because they will affect who you are – your character – for the better. Your personality was formed as the result of specific behaviors you internalized as you grew up. These behaviors are not things we need to think about, they represent little success strategies or ways of coping with life that we have found to be helpful. You will see how acquiring new habits leads to a fundamental change of character.

How to Find the Best Private Student Loans 4 Tips

How to Find the Best Private Student Loans 4 Tips SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Most students who go to college have to take out loans to afford the cost of attendance. Private student loans can be a good option for you if you need more money to cover your college costs. However, which private loans are the best ones? When should you decide to take out a private loan? In this article, I'll thoroughly explain the different types of loans and the most important factors to consider when getting a private loan. What Are Private Student Loans? There are two primary types of student loans: federal and private. Federal loans are funded by the federal government, and private loans are made by a lender such as a bank, credit union, state agency, or a school. The lender will give you money, and you’ll have to pay back the loan amount (principal) plus interest. Private Student Loans Should Be Your Last Option Generally, private loans are the worst way to pay for your education. First, before considering private loans, you should try to get grants and scholarships. You don’t have to pay back grants and scholarships. Essentially, you’re being given free money to finance your college education. You can’t beat that. If there’s a gap in how much your college costs and how much you can afford after accounting for grants and scholarships, then you should consider a federal loan. Federal loans can be subsidized or unsubsidized. Subsidized loans are preferable because the federal government will pay the interest on your loan while you’re in school. To qualify for most need-based financial aid, including federal loans and many grants and scholarships, you have to complete a FAFSA, the Free Application for Federal Student Aid. Here’s a thorough breakdown of the financial aid process. If you don’t get enough scholarship and federal loan money to cover the cost of your education, then you can consider getting a private loan. Why Are Federal Loans Better Than Private Loans? Here are the major reasons why federal loans tend to be better than private loans. Lower Interest Rates Often, federal loans have lower interest rates, so the total amount of money you’ll have to pay back will be lower. Some private loans have lower interest rates, but these rates might be variable, which means they can change over time. Eventually, the rates on these loans may be higher. More Flexible Repayment Plans Also, repayment plans tend to be more flexible with federal loans. Your required payments may be more proportional to your income. If you get a job with a low salary when you graduate from college, you’ll have a lower minimum loan payment. More Likely to Offer Deferment Federal loans are more likely to offer deferment. During a period of financial hardship, you won’t have to make loan payments and interest won’t accrue. Many private lenders don’t offer deferment. Loan Forgiveness Federal loans offer loan forgiveness. You can reduce the amount you have to pay back on your federal student loans by pursuing certain public service jobs like teaching, joining the military, volunteering, or moving to certain areas. If you become a teacher, you can get some loan forgiveness. How Do You Find Private Loans? If you find yourself in need of a private student loan, where do you turn? Because there are a ton of private student loans out there, an easy solution is to turn to sites like ElmSelect, Credible, or simpletuition where you can enter basic information and compare loans that match your search criteria. Also, universities often have a list of private lenders that will disburse your loan payments right into your student account. Furthermore, you can start your search with the more well-known lenders. Sallie Mae is probably the most well-known lender of student loans. Some of the other big lenders include Wells Fargo, PNC, and Discover. Finally, you can just look up private student loans online and wade through the sea of options, but that’s probably less efficient than using a loan comparison site. How Do You Find the Best Private Student Loans? Unfortunately, the best private student loans are dependent on a number of factors including your college, how much you have to borrow, and your creditworthiness (or your cosigner’s). Generally, you won’t get the definitive terms like the interest rates on your loans until you apply. However, here are some tips to follow to get the best private student loan for you. Compare Many Options Like anything else you buy, you’re most likely to find the best deal by shopping around. Compare rates from different lenders and try to determine how much money you’ll have to pay back. Keep in mind that you won’t know how much money you’ll have to pay back if you opt for a loan with a variable rate because the interest rate can change. Often, loans with low variable rates will end up costing more than loans with a higher fixed rate. You can use tools like the Loan Analyzer from FinAid to determine the quality of different loans. Shop around to find the best private loans. Get Your Credit Right Typically, lenders will offer lower interest rates to those who have excellent credit. If you anticipate that you’ll have to apply for a private student loan, work on getting your credit as good as possible. Because most students have limited or no credit history, you may need a cosigner who hopefully has good credit to get the best interest rate available. If you anticipate needing a cosigner (probably a parent), get that person to agree to cosign for your loan and make sure she is doing everything possible to improve or maintain her credit. There’s More to Consider Than Just Interest Rates Beyond interest rates, you need to consider the fees associated with loans. Some loans have origination fees, which are fees charged by the lender for processing the loan. Also, you want to consider how flexible the repayment plan is and if you’re able to defer payments. Moreover, how long is the grace period before you have to start paying back your loan? Are there any borrower rewards? Sometimes, you can lower interest rates on loans for setting up automatic withdrawal, paying on time, or getting good grades. You may also get a rate discount if you take a loan from a bank or credit union where you’re a member. Apply for Multiple Loans Before you apply for loans, you’ll be given a range of possible interest rates, but you won’t know the exact rate until after you apply. For example, here’s the information for a $10,000 PNC loan I found on SimpleTuition for a hypothetical Stanford student from the class of 2020. As you can see, the interest rate for the PNC loan ranges from 3.62% to 9.85%. This is a huge difference. The total cost of the loan with the highest rate is almost double that of the loan with the lowest rate. You won’t know the exact terms of the loan and interest rate until after you apply. The interest rate will be determined based on the amount you’re borrowing, your or your cosigner’s credit history, and whether you choose a fixed or variable rate. Final Advice If you want some specific ideas forthe best private student loans, you can check out this list of the top 17 best-rated student loans by Consumer Affairs.Keep in mind that this list includes federal loans. If you read the reviews, you’ll realize that very few people seem to be happy with their student loans. Try to minimize your private student loans. Private loans can be tempting because they’re easy to apply for, and you can often borrow as much as you want to pay for your educational expenses. However, remember that private loans should be a last resort. You don’t want to burden yourself with extremely high debt that you’re going to have to pay off for the next 20-30 years. I know people in their 40’s who are still paying off their loans. Also, remember that you won’t be able to accurately compare loans until after you apply. Lenders will often advertise their most attractive terms, but you may come to find out that you're only eligible for a much less favorable interest rate. If you’re a US citizen or permanent resident and you need financial aid to attend college,make sure you fill out the FAFSA and submit it by the deadline. The FAFSA is used to determine your eligibility for federal aid, and many states and colleges use it to determine how much state aid or institution-based aid to give you. Get good grades and high test scores. You can reduce the amount you’ll have to take out in private loans by getting merit scholarships. You don’t have much control over how much need-based aid you’re eligible for, but you can get more scholarship money by excelling academically. Many colleges and organizations offer merit scholarships for outstanding students. Additionally, the most selective schools usually offer the best financial aid. If you’re able to get into one of these schools, you may get enough aid to cover your cost of education without having to take out private loans. Apply for scholarships: the more, the better. So many students don’t apply for scholarships just because they don’t want to spend time writing essays or filling out applications. However, depending on your situation, you may be eligible for a number of great scholarships that will help you avoid taking out private loans. Because some scholarships are highly competitive, you'll increase your chances of getting scholarship money by applying for more scholarships. What's Next? If you're looking for scholarship money, check out our expert guide on how to find scholarships. If you're specifically hoping for a merit scholarship, read our guide to getting one. Finally, learn the best ways to save for college. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Project managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Project managment - Essay Example Organization â€Å"Y† is a small company with 15 employees working in the financial sector and providing financial services to organizations, businesses, and individual customers. The company was established in 1999 and since then has been gradually expanding its presence in the financial services market. The organization constantly increases the range of available financial services and provides its financial advisors with additional workplace opportunities. The company seeks to increase job satisfaction among its employees and considers job satisfaction as the critical component of its business success. The topic of job satisfaction is not new. In the current system of organization studies, job satisfaction occupies one of the central positions. Job satisfaction is defined as â€Å"feelings or affective responses to facets of the situation† (Fichter & Cipolla, 2010). Here, facets of the situation imply the workplace situation and environment in which employees are bound to perform, while feelings and affective responses may vary from the quality of workplace performance to the emotional and cognitive balance that result of the workplace pressures and overloads. The â€Å"facets† of job imply intrinsic and extrinsic features of particular jobs and the extent to which they influence the level of job satisfaction across various professions. Since the end of 2006, the organization adopted a new strategy, aimed to expand its market presence, to change its approaches to brand management, and to attract new customers. The strategy has become the determining feature of the organization’s success, and more and more customers came to develop cooperative relations with the professional financial advisors working for the company. Since that time, however, the company management noticed that financial advisors displayed lower motivation to work and did not always cope with their basic workplace obligations. Work absenteeism rose dramatically,

The Art of Cooking Rice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Art of Cooking Rice - Assignment Example When measuring rice for cooking, one typically uses a cup for measurement. Decide on the number of cups to cook and then rinse the rice with ordinary water to rid it of starch and any other impurities. Common rice sold in the US is usually fortified with key vitamins and minerals (like iron and niacin), most of which will be washed away if the rice is soaked and washed prior to cooking (Smith and Dilday). However, soaking and washing rice will result in fluffier, lighter cooked rice, with fuller grain that doesn't stick. Either soak the rice in cold water for 30 to 60 minutes or wash the rice around two to three times or until the water is clear rather than cloudy. In washing rice, one technique would be to keep the water running on low while shaking the rice until the foggy white color turns to clean clear. When measuring rice for cooking, one typically uses a cup for measurement. Decide on the number of cups to cook and then rinse the rice with ordinary water to rid it of starch an d any other impurities. Common rice sold in the US is usually fortified with key vitamins and minerals (like iron and niacin), most of which will be washed away if the rice is soaked and washed prior to cooking (Smith and Dilday). However, soaking and washing rice will result in fluffier, lighter cooked rice, with fuller grain that doesn't stick. Either soak the rice in cold water for 30 to 60 minutes or wash the rice around two to three times or until the water is clear rather than cloudy. In washing rice, one technique would be to keep the water running on low while shaking the rice until the foggy white color turns to clean clear. Then, rinsed rice has to be placed in a standard pot. It is advisable to use a heavy pot rather than shallow pans or thinly lined pots because rice needs quite some time to cook and it has to cook evenly. If one uses a thin-lined pot, one would end up with burnt rice at the bottom and uncooked rice on top. Most people also just decide to use a rice cook er to make the job easier. Either way, make sure that the right amount of water is mixed in with the rice. The rule of thumb when cooking rice is usually two cups of water for every cup of long grain rice, one and a half cups of water for every cup of short grain rice, and one and one-fourth cups of water for every cup of sweet rice. These combinations yield three cups of cooked long grain rice, two and a half cups of short grain rice, and two cups of sweet rice, respectively (Compestine). Mixing in the right amount of water is essential to ensure that cooked rice is neither mushy nor gritty. Assuming that a rice cooker is not used, put the pot over a stove and bring the rice and water to a rolling boil over medium or high heat.

What Is A Carbon Footprint Environmental Sciences Essay

What Is A Carbon Footprint Environmental Sciences Essay there are many definitions used by different organizations; a carbon footprint is The total amount of greenhouse gases produced to directly and indirectly support human activities, usually expressed in equivalent tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) (timeforchange.org); The total set of greenhouse gas emissions caused directly and indirectly by an [individual, event, organisation, product] expressed as CO2.'(carbon trust). Some organisations such as direct.gov and the carbon trust provide online calculators which allow individuals and businesses to calculate their individual carbon footprint and how you can go on to minimise and/or offset it. Government campaigns and initiatives such as Act on CO2 encourage and provide information on how the CO2 output can be reduced (which is the main contributor to greenhouse effect) by making changes to their lifestyle and daily routine. For households this includes switching to energy efficient light bulbs, switching of appliances when not in use and red ucing the temperature of laundry washes. For businesses there are incentives and aids such as online help for reducing co2 emissions and costs, carbon surveys and 0% interest loans for energy efficient equipment upgrades (carbon trust). Companies such as carbon trust set up by the government are providing  £50 million in interest free loans to help the public sector save energy. It is clear that an incentive for both individuals and businesses is that reducing their carbon footprint will inevitably save them money; replacing an old boiler (10-15 yrs old) with and energy efficient boiler could save a household  £90 each year. (direct) Savings such as these are enough of a driver to encourage those people to consider reducing their carbon footprint. However it is important to consider if initial costs are relatively small and how easy and practical it is to make these changes. ( exoand on this) There is a need to reduce the CO2 emissions contribution to greenhouse gases (GHG) compared to other GHG as the actions of humans mostly contributes to Co2 . Since the last industrial revolution there has been a rise to tens of billions of tons per year from human greenhouse gas emmisions. Figure 1 shows human produced greenhouse gases. Figure 1 Currently over 30 billion tonnes of CO2 is emitted each year by the burning of fossil fuels which releases co2 directly into the atmosphere. 7 billion tonnes is emitted from land use changes such as deforestation which changes the natural process of trees removing Co2 from the atmosphere. (actonco2) different activities which contribute include; Industry: more than 40%, Buildings (homes, offices and the like: about 31%, transportations: around 22% and Agriculture; about 4%. (robert henderson) The contribution from other GHG to global warming can be calculated by converting them into their carbon equivalent (carbonfootprint.com) The previous bullet point describes the carbon emissions of different sectors and countries. There is an increasing need for businesses in the private and public sector and local authorities to reduce carbon emissions as well as individuals. The UK government is introducing new legislation in order to meet the target of reducing emissions by 80% by 2050. This legislation includes charging businesses if their energy usage is greater than 6000MWh per year. (reference). If these requirements are not met then the result is being placed in a low league table (carbon footprint-crc) and the possibility of facing other penalties. EU and UK legislation regarding reducing carbon emissions and energy in the UK is discussed in sectionxxxx of this report. Local authorities are encouraged to be fore frontiers of combating global warming in their areas and societies; encouraging others to make changes in order to reduce carbon emissions. Local authorities will need to calculate the carbon emissions of their buildings and services yearly and report them to DEFRA. Under new regulations they are encouraged to raise awareness of reducing carbon footprints in the local area ( carbonfootprint.com). The Carbon emissions of LAs will be published annually. There are also a number of campaigns such as Act on Co2 being advertised to the public to highlight the problem of carbon emissions. The Government is putting pressure on tenants, buyers and the public for making their buildings more energy efficient. Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) were introduced in 2008 (carbon foot) and are required when a building is constructed, sold or rented out. It rates the energy performance of a building; informing buyers, possible occupants if the building is energy efficient. A recommendation report is always produced along with the certificate listing the potential opportunities to increase the buildings energy efficiency. Landlords are open to Heavy penalties of 12.5% of the rateable value of the building if an EPC is not presented when requested by a tenant/buyer. The equivalent for public buildings are Display Energy Certificates; where the building is rated on its operational efficiency every 10 years, with the result certificate displayed in a publically visible place (cfprint) How is a carbon footprint calculated? Online calculators provided by organistations including direct.gov, carbon trust and carbon footprint allow both businesses and households to calculate their carbon footprint. In order to get an accurate idea of a carbon footprint it is important to use calculators regulated by Government bodies. For households, data which is usually sort for calculation of the footprint are statistics such as gas and electricity bills, motor vehicle mileage and Miles per Gallon (MPG) the products contained in homes and the main source of heating the home gas or electricity (act on co2),. For businesses this can includes all of the above as well as employee travel and fuel usuage for example. A carbon footprint is made up pf the sum of a primary footprint and a secondary footprint These are defined by Carbon Footprint Ltd. below 1. The primary footprint is a measure of our direct emissions of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels including domestic energy consumption and transportation (e.g. car and plane). We have direct control of these. 2. The secondary footprint is a measure of the indirect CO2 emissions from the whole lifecycle of products we use those associated with their manufacture and eventual breakdown. To put it very simply the more we buy the more emissions will be caused on our behalf. The graph below shows the main elements of an individuals lifestyle which contributes to a carbon footprint. The pie chart above shows the main elements which make up the total of an typical persons carbon footprint in the developed world. This is different for residents of other countries; on average a UK resident has an annual carbon footprint if 11.6 tonnes; 40% manufacture/construction, food 5%, services 6% housing 20%. Compared to a US resident of 25.9 tonnes 38% manufacture/construction, food 45%, services 6%, housing 18%, personal travel 34% and resident of Africa resident 0.9% from services solely ( robert henderson book) How to reduce a carbon footprint When considering reducing and how to reduce a carbon footprint it is important to consider the persons lifestyle and for a company; the type of business. Everyone leads different lives and will be able to make differences depending on their lifestyle. Some people require travelling abroad for instance so it may be difficult to minimise travel co2 emissions. In almost all instances reducing co2 emissions inevitably results in reducing costs in the long term. Changes can be made in all aspects of life in order to reduce a carbon footprint; this includes in the home, changing transport and travel, shopping and recycling. Initial costs outweigh benefit At home switching to low energy light bulbs, and investing in attic insulation can reduce the energy lost in a home resulting in less energy and money required to heat it. Some utility companies also allow customers to specify that some or all of the power supplied to your home is from renewable sources (roberthenderson). This works by the company putting energy into the grid in an amount equal to your consumption. Households could also switch to renewable energies such as photovoltaics and wind turbines. The benefits and reality of such technologies smaller households will be discussed in sectionxxx Businesses Table xxx shows methods to help reduce an indivuals carbon footprint Home Travel shopping Business-buildings product Loft insulation Switch to cycling and walking Consider the materials used and transport mechanism for products Turning elcetircla equipment off at night Deisng for environmentally friendly products Double glazing Making fewer and shorter journeys by car uses a lot if energy Choose local products, and farmers market products and organic products Invest in energy saving plant/ technology Draught excluders Choose energy efficient vehicles-hybrid Buying in vulk and ingeredients instead of ready made foods Install movement sensitive lights in lower used areas such as toilets Cavity wall insulation Plan route, save fuel, time and money getting lost Improve insulation and lowering the thermostat temperature Carbon offsetting Carbon offsetting is the process of compensating for carbon emissions which are generally unavoidable (i.e lifestyle essentials) by funding an equivalent co2 saving project somewhere else. carbon credits are awarded in order to balance to emissions from defined activities measured in carbon dioxide equivalent (co2e) (qas). It is highly stressed (act n co2) that carbon offsetting is not an alternative to reducing an individuals/organisations carbon emissions to combat climate change but provide a mechanism to reduce GHG emissions in the most cost-effective and economically-efficient manner (carbonfootprint.com) carbon offsetting is defined as (offsetting.decc.goc.uk) Offsetting is also used by global corporations such as HSBC (get some more) Some online travel services and airlines also offer customers the possibility to offset their air travel emissions. The UK Governments Quality assurance Scheme (QAS)- for carbon offsetting introduced in xxx. It has been created to help individuals and companies choose approved quality offsets. The QAS effectively vouches for the quality of offsets provided with a quality mark. The aim of the scheme is to tackle public confusion and distrust of carbon offsetting whilst providing better information and high quality standards for customers of carbon offsetting. The main process of carbon offsetting (carbon neutral) is (directgov offset) calculating the emissions produced- this can be done using QAS offset providers which have carbon calculators -choose which activity/activities you would like to offset Buy an equivalent amount of carbon credits from projects- which use the fee paid to fund the projects Some projects include: harnessing river hydropower  in Fiji establishing the first wind energy plant in Cyprus collecting methane to generate electricity from landfill sites in Durban, South Africa (offsetting .decc.gov.uk) QAS offsetting providers include: -Energy Saving Ttust Crabon Trust The offsetting argument Offsetting fees are not regulated they do vary over time- however there are plans to set these costs from European emissions trading which are measured in cost per tonne. Therefore I is currently difficult to say if consumers and businesses are getting their monies worth of carbon offsets. Projects such as tree planting are slightly controversial as there is evidence to show that there may be longer lasting ways to beat climate change (henderson). When trees die most of its stored carbon is restored to the atmosphere anyway and It may be more important to protect the rainforests which are still remaining from deforestation. The actual deforestation of forests is a very large source of greenhouse emissions- the burning of trees contributes to around a fifth of co2 produced emissions (Henderson) Now with governmental standards it should make it easier to pick offsets which actually work. It can take years to see the environmental benefits of tree planting to take affect and It also difficult to measure exactly how much carbon dioxide is saved preventing projects such as these from receiving the QAS mark (offsetting.decc.goc.uk). There are many different types of offsetting projects,  generally involving energy efficiency or renewable energy. Here are some examples of the kind of projects that could produce a credit used for offsetting: providing people in Aceh, Indonesia with solar cookers and heat retention containers for cooking, heating, sterilising water and preserving food introducing energy efficiency measures at a resort hotel in India harnessing river hydropower  in Fiji establishing the first wind energy plant in Cyprus However carbon footprint offsetting does allow people to start making the effort to combating co2 and for some (due to busy lifestyles which require releasing larger amounts of co2 9e.g-needing to travel) it is easier to do this than invest in renewable energies in the home/office. It can take decades for the carbon produced to be offset by projects such as tree planting. Whilst investing in lower energy light bulbs and insulating a loft can lead to benefits in a year.

Effects of High Fructose Corn Syrup Essay -- HFCS Food

Abstract: This research essay will investigate the effects of High Fructose Corn Syrup. The liver is effected because the fructose—as it is being metabolized deposits fatty acids into the liver, it also develops cirrhosis, which has the same effect normally seen in alcoholics. High Fructose Corn Syrup increases cholesterol which blocks the inner walls of the arteries and may be fatal if not treated. High Fructose Corn Syrup was believed to be beneficial to diabetics, but studies show the they may actually promote more diseases. Obesity is a major problem, as High Fructose Corn Syrup does not release leptin—which is what signals the brain to stop eating, so society is prone to over consumption. It also alters the heart's use of other minerals and enables the appropriate minerals to reach the part of the body that needs them, (such as calcium for bones). Lack of the minerals cause osteoporosis which cause bones to become more fragile and easier to break. Dental caries are problemat ic because they cause toothaches and holes to form on the tooth—another effect of High Fructose Corn Syrup. It is human nature to have a sense of memento mori, even if it means becoming sick. High Fructose Corn Syrup, (High Fructose Corn Syrup) is the backbone of the USA in that it is ubiquitous and virtually everyone is affected by it. The High Fructose Corn Syrup in foods are known to hinder the liver, lead to diabetes, cause obesity, mineral deficiency, osteoporosis, and dental caries, as well as other diseases caused by the â€Å"trickle down effect.† Little is known about High Fructose Corn Syrup because it has only been used for 30 years, but what is known is that the bad outweighs the good. One of the organs that is directly effected by High Fructos... ...ture and harm of High Fructose Corn Syrup before it causes permanent damage. 6 Edgar, W.M. Nutritive Sweeteners. â€Å"Sugars and Dental Caries.† G.G. Birch and K.J. Parker. Englewood, NJ. 1982. Kapner, Adam. Medline Plus. US National Library of Medicine and national Institute of Health. 26 June, 2008. 23 July 2008. www.nlm.nih.gov Jefferson, Ashley. â€Å"The Negative Effects of High Fructose Corn Syrup on the Human Body Excluding Obesity, Diabetes and Kidney Failure.† 30, July, 2006. 23, July 2008. www.westonaprice.org Piersall, Wendy. Five Reasons to Avoid High Fructose Corn Syrup. The Fit Shack. 2008. 23, July 2008. www.thefitshack.com Mohr, Christopher R. High Fructose Corn Syrup. 1 May, 2005. www.diabeteshealth.com Osteoporosis: A debilitating disease that can be prevented and treated. National Osteoporosis Foundation. 27 July, 2008. 27 July, 2008. www.nof.com

Business Studies †Recruitment and Selection Essay

Every business or organisation has a recruitment department, which is often undertaken by recruiters. It can be undertaken by an employment agency or even a member of staff at the business organisation. Human resources run the recruitment process. Recruitment (run by the human resource department) is the process of finding the right possible candidates for the job. When the organisation knows what candidates they re looking for Advertisement is commonly used for recruiting the right employees. Recruitment process: A business or organisation must have a work plan in order to make sure that they find the right number of employees for their needs. When a business is looking to recruit new employees they need to be able to mention and define the main jobs and responsibilities that will be expected. During the recruitment process there are many stages that need to be followed In order to select the right candidate for the job. The recruitment flow chart: Job analysis: Job analysis is the first part of the recruitment process. This is when the human resources department needs to identify whether a new member of staff is needed or could the work be done by reorganizing existing staff or working over time. Or even consider whether part-time or full time appointment needed. Job analysis is essential for the recruitment process and this defines whether they need workers and is so will the business recruit internal or external employees. The human resources department will need to decide whether to recruit employees internally or externally. Recruiting internal candidates will benefit the business as this will increase their workers morale and their motivation will increase because there is a higher chance of them getting promoted than the external employees. Another advantage of recruiting an internal employee is there’s a lower cost of not having to go through training, as they already know the business. However the disadvantage is having to replace their internal workers. External candidates will also help gain advantage for the organisation as they will let the business find out more about the competition, gaining more ideas. The disadvantage of recruiting an external employee is the cost of training them to learn more about the business. Job description: A job analysis can be used to create a job description. The job description will describe how a particular employee is to fit into the organisation. A job description could be used as a job indictor for applicants. Alternatively it could also be used as a guideline for an employee to his or her role and responsibilities within in the organisation. Job descriptions can be used by organisations to provide information for use in drafting a situation vacant advertisement and for briefing interviews. he function for a job description can be very simple. It’s when the businesses human resources department will need to draw up a list of tasks that the job will involve and the responsibilities of the person appointed. This is good for a business to draw a list up of their specific job description as this gives not only employers but also employees an idea of what they’re looking for. So therefore the business will most likely attract workers that they appointed for. Person specification: Armed with this sort of specification, those responsible for recruiting and selecting someone to do a particular job have a much clearer idea of the ideal candidate. However at the same time those applying for the job have a much clearer idea of what is expected of them and whether they have the skills and attributes. The human resources department may set out for its own use a person specification. The meaning of person specification is identifying the personal qualities for example qualities such: * Experience: Someone with experience in carrying out a particular job who has a particular responsibilities should be able to draw on that experience n new situations. * Qualifications: Is another important part of a person specification. As they will have more knowledge then say someone who have no qualifications. Another advantage for a employee in having qualifications as this will lower the list of people wanting a job, for example if an employer has a long list of employees he/she will recruit either ones with experience or ones who have qualifications. The advantages for the person specification process in recruiting in staff, is the employers will benefit from recruiting experienced staff as they are able to do a range of tasks. This makes them more flexible workers, which in turn increases the output of the business. Customers often like to deal with experienced employees. Qualifications are also good measures of prior learning. The idea of qualification is that it prepares he employee to do a particular job or activity. Inn creating person specification, organisations will therefore need to consider the level of qualification required by a job holder. Job advert Job advertisements form an important part of the recruitment process. An organisation is able to communicate job vacancies to a selected audience by this means. Most job advertisements are written (or at least checked) By the personal department, a task involving the same skills as marketing a product. Advertisements must reach those people who have the qualities to fill the vacancy. Job advertisements take many forms, according to the requirements of the post. A good job advertisement, while providing prospect candidates with helpful information also helps to deter people who do not have the required qualifications for the job. Presentations of the advertisement is very important as it gives prospective employees a first impression of the organisation Application form: Having an application form is essential. If business’s or organisations provide an application form, it means that they’re looking for someone precise. This is good for the business, because the candidates have to right specific stuff that are required, which means the business can find the right employee. Where as some businesses ask for employees CV. In my opinion this is a disadvantage to the organisation, as the candidate can write what ever they feel, most likely something that will advantage them to getting the job. So therefore the organisation wont be able to find the right candidate to do the job. Interview: Interviews are very important in the recruitment process as this gives the employer an idea of what the employee is like and if he or her is suited for the job. Some business such as Marks and Spencer’s use a certain technique when interviewing new candidates. They would rather ask the interviewee open questions as this allows them to answer the question with longer sentences rather than yes or no answers. This gives the employer a bigger judgement ad a better feel on the employee’s personality. Business also try to focus on questions that involve; what? Why? When? And how? Generally speaking overall the interviewers should try to make the interviewee feel relaxed and comfortable so that the interviewee can show his or best side. An opening remark might be to ask the interviewee about his or her journey. Selection process: Recruitment and selection can be very costly process for a business. It takes a great deal of time to set up the process which includes drawing up a job description, advertising the position, sifting through applications, checking which application best meet criteria set down for the post, interviewing candidates and finally selecting the best candidate for the post. There is a considerable scope along the way for waste and inefficiency. For example, when a job advertisement attracts 100 applicants there will be a considerable waste of time and resources when reducing the list down to six. If you get your procedures wrong you may eliminate some of the best candidates right from the start and end up with six who are barely satisfactory. If you end up choosing an unsuitable candidate for the job, the company will suffer from having trouble within he organisation before walking out on the job and leaving the company o go through the expense of replacing him or her yet. Induction: Induction is the process of introducing new employees o their place of work, job, new surroundings and the people thy will be working with. Induction also provides information to help new employees start work and generally ‘fit in.’ Once the successful applicant has been selected and offered the post, the human resources department needs to prepare a suitable induction programme for when the new induction programme which should include; * An awareness of the workings and objectives of a business. * An awareness of health and safety issues. * Requirements when absent, ill or late. * Introduction to management and workmates. * Identification of any immediate training needs. I Training needs: As part of the induction process, new employees may be introduced to new processors or software that they are unfamiliar with. The employer should explain each of these processes to new employees, question them about their experience with the processes or software and listen carefully to their answers to discover their level of experience. For example an employee may be familiar with the Microsoft office software but may not have had the experience with spreadsheets. If this is the requirement of the role, then careful questioning will determine the skill level of the employee and the training required to enable them to do their job. Training may be carried out formally through a course r more informally by a colleague or with training in a timely needs and implementing training timely manner is important to ensure the new employees are equipped with the skills to properly carry out their duties. Application form: Having an application form is essential. If business’s or organisations provide an application form, it means that they’re looking for someone precise. This is good for the business, because the candidates have to right specific stuff that are required, which means the business can find the right employee. Where as some businesses ask for employees CV. In my opinion this is a disadvantage to the organisation, as the candidate can write what ever they feel, most likely something that will advantage them to getting the job. So therefore the organisation wont be able to find the right candidate to do the job. Both Application and CV form provide same information: Motivation theories: Financial: Wages, salaries and bonuses: Wages- time rate: Under this scheme workers receive a set rate per hour. Any hours worked above a set number are paid at an ‘overtime rate’ Salary: flat rate: This is a set rate of weekly or monthly pay, based on a set number of hours. It is easy to calculate and administer but does not provide an incentive to employees o work harder. Piece rate: This system is sometimes used in the textile and electronics industries, among others. Payment is made for each item produced that meets quality standards. The advantage of this is that it encourages effort motivates workers. However it is not suitable for jobs that require time and care. Also many jobs particularly in the service sector produce outputs are impossible to measure. Bonus: A bonus is paid as an added encouragement and motivation towards employees. It can be paid out f additional profits earned by the employer as a result of the employee’s effort and hard work or as an incentive to workers at times when they might be inclined to slacken effort for example at Christmas and summer holiday times. Commission: Commission is a payment made as a percentage of sales a salesperson has made. Output related schemes: Output related schemes are the most common methods used to reward manual workers most schemes involve an element of time rates plus bonus or other incentive. Standards are set in many ways, varying from casual assessment to a detailed work study, based on method study and work measurement. A standard allowable time is set in according to the stages. The workers pay is then determined according to the success of the third stage. Performance related pay: In recent year, the emphasis in a number of organisations has shifted towards performance related pay. Performance is assessed against working objectives and ‘company goals’ scoring systems are then worked out to assess performance against objectives and these distinguish levels of attainment, e.g. high, medium or low. Managerial jobs are most affected by performance related pay. Based on performance appraisal techniques, such as schemes have been adopted in a wide range of occupations, including the police force, universities, insurance and banking. Evidence indicates that up to three quarters of all employees are now using some form of performance appraisal to set pay levels. One way of rewarding performance is to give increments as targets are met, with the employee progressing up an incremental ladder each year. Profit sharing: Profit sharing is an incentive tool which involves giving profit related pay to employees or giving them bonuses based on the profit performance of a business. Using this approach employees are able to see the that the success of the company will also lead to personal rewards for them. Another example similar to profit sharing is a theory called the attribution theory which is often compared to profit sharing and the non financial appraisal. Attribution theory: All business have a need to explain the world, both to themselves and to other people, attributing cause to the events around them. This gives us a greater sense of control. When explaining behaviour, it can affect the standing of people within a group (especially ourselves). When another person has erred, the business will often use internal attribution, saying it is due to internal personality factors. When they have erred, they will more likely use external attribution, attributing causes to situational factors rather than blaming ourselves. And vice versa. They will attribute our successes internally and the successes of our rivals to external ‘luck’. When a football team wins, supporters say ‘we won’. But when the team loses, the supporters say ‘they lost’. Business attributions are also significantly driven by our emotional and motivational drives. Blaming other people and avoiding personal recrimination are very real self-serving attributions. They will also make attributions to defend what they perceive as attacks. businesses will point to injustice in an unfair world. They will even tend to blame victims (of us and of others) for their fate as we seek to distance ourselves from thoughts of suffering the same plight. They will also tend to ascribe less variability to other people than ourselves, seeing themselves as more multifaceted and less predictable than others. This may well because they can see more of what is inside themselves (and spend more time doing this). In practice, we often tend to go through a two-step process, starting with an automatic internal attribution, followed by a slower consideration of whether an external attribution is more appropriate. As with Automatic Believing, if we are hurrying or are distracted, we may not get to this second step. This makes internal attribution more likely than external attribution. Share options: Employees may be encouraged to take up shares in a company, often as part of a reward scheme. When employees take up these share options they are then rewarded according to the performance of the business. When the business does well so too does the value of their shares and the dividends they receive as a return to shareholders. Dividends are typically paid twice a year. Non-Financial: Goal setting: Establishing goals for employees to work towards can be an important motivational factor as the achievement of these goals then creates a sense of achievement and personal fulfilment. Goals can be established for an individual, team or for the whole organisation and achievement may be related to promotion at work. In order to direct ourselves we set ourselves goals that are: * Clear (not vague) and understandable, so we know what to do and what not to do. * Challenging, so we will be stimulated and not be bored. * Achievable, so we are unlikely to fail. If other people set us goals without our involvement, then we are much less likely to be motivated to work hard at it than if we feel we have set or directed the goal ourselves. When we are working in the task, we need feedback so we can determine whether we are succeeding or whether we need to change direction. We find feedback (if it is sympathetically done) very encouraging and motivating. This includes feedback from ourselves. Negative self-talk is just as demotivating as negative comments from other people. Depending on the type of goal we have, we will go about achieving it differently. A directional goal is one where we are motivated to arrive at a particular conclusion. We will thus narrow our thinking, selecting beliefs, etc. that support the conclusion. The lack of deliberation also tends to make us more optimistic about achieving the goal. An accuracy goal is one where we are motivated to arrive at the most accurate possible conclusion. These occur when the cost of being inaccurate is high. Unsurprisingly, people invest more effort in achieving accuracy goals, as any deviation costs, and a large deviation may well more. Their deliberation also makes them realize that there is a real chance that they will not achieve their goal. When we have an accuracy goal we do not get to a ‘good enough’ point and stop thinking about it–we continue to search for improvements. Both methods work by influencing our choice of beliefs and decision-making rules. Goal setting can be compared, in a financial sense with performance related pay as employees are rewarded in accordance with goals set by the company. Perks and status symbols: Perks and status symbols are useful motivational tools in a company. A perk is something extra that you get for doing a particular job. For example employees of a railway company may get free rail travel for them and their families. A cinema employee may get free cinema tickets. Status symbols are also important motivators. Obvious status symbols n is having a bigger office, or having a sign outside your door with your name on. People often respond very favourably to status symbols because these mark them out as being special therefore employees will be motivated to work harder in order for them to be the special person. Appraisals: Common stages of staff appraisals are as follows: 1. The line manager meets with the job-holder to discuss what is expected. The agreed expectations may be expressed in terms of targets, performance standards or required job behaviours- attributes, skills and attitudes. 2. The outcome of the meeting is recorded and usually signed by both parties. 3. The job-holder performs the job for a period of six months a year 4. At the end of the six months period the jobholder and line manager or team leader meet again to review and discuss progress made. They draw up action new action plans to deal with identified problems and agree targets and standards for the next period. Meeting training needs: Mentoring needs: Mentoring and coaching are seen by many organisations as essential ways of motivating employees so that they feel valued and cared for in their work. Mentoring involves a trainee being ‘paired’ with a more experienced employee. The trainee carries out the job but uses the ‘mentor’ to discuss problems that may occur and ho best to solve them. This approach is used in many lines of work. For example it is common practice for trainee teachers to work with a mentor who s responsible for their early training and development. The student teacher will match the mentor teacher before starting his or her own teaching. The mentor will then give ongoing guidance to the student teacher on how best to improve his or her performance. If the student teacher has any problems or difficulties he or she can talk to the mentor for advice. Coaching: Coaching involves providing individuals with personal coaches in the workplace. The person who is going to take on the coaching role will need to develop coaching skills and ill also need to have the time slots for the coaching to take place. The coach and the individual being. Acquired needs theory: Need are shaped over time by our experiences over time. Most of these fall into three general categories of needs: * Achievement (nAch) * Affiliation (nAff) * Power (nPow) Some businesses may have different preferences and will tend have one of these needs that affect the business more powerfully than others and thus affects our behaviors: * Achievers seek to excel and appreciate frequent recognition of how well they are doing. They will avoid low risk activities that have no chance of gain. They also will avoid high risks where there is a significant chance of failure. * Affiliation seekers look for harmonious relationships with other people. They will thus tend to conform and shy away from standing out. The seek approval rather than recognition. * Power seekers want power either to control other people (for their own goals) or to achieve higher goals (for the greater good). They seek neither recognition nor approval from others — only agreement and compliance. Identifying preferences A common way of discovering our tendencies towards these is with a Thematic Apperception Test, which is a set of black-and-white pictures on cards, each showing an emotionally powerful situation. The person is presented with one card at a time and asked to make up a story about each situation. Using it Challenge achievers with stretching goals. Offer affiliation-seekers safety and approval. Beware of personal power-seekers trying to turn the tables on you or use other Machiavellian methods. Make sure you have sufficient power of your own, or show how you can help them achieve more power. Defending Understand your own tendencies. Curb the excesses and, especially if you seek affiliation, beware of those who would use this against you and for their own benefit alone. * Atrribution theory†¦profit sharing (financial) and appraisal ( non financial) We all have a need to explain the world, both to ourselves and to other people, attributing cause to the events around us. This gives us a greater sense of control. When explaining behavior, it can affect the standing of people within a group (especially ourselves). When another person has erred, we will often use internal attribution, saying it is due to internal personality factors. When we have erred, we will more likely use external attribution, attributing causes to situational factors rather than blaming ourselves. And vice versa. We will attribute our successes internally and the successes of our rivals to external ‘luck’. When a football team wins, supporters say ‘we won’. But when the team loses, the supporters say ‘they lost’. Our attributions are also significantly driven by our emotional and motivational drives. Blaming other people and avoiding personal recrimination are very real self-serving attributions. We will also make attributions to defend what we perceive as attacks. We will point to injustice in an unfair world. We will even tend to blame victims (of us and of others) for their fate as we seek to distance ourselves from thoughts of suffering the same plight. We will also tend to ascribe less variability to other people than ourselves, seeing ourselves as more multifaceted and less predictable than others. This may well because we can see more of what is inside ourselves (and spend more time doing this). In practice, we often tend to go through a two-step process, starting with an automatic internal attribution, followed by a slower consideration of whether an external attribution is more appropriate. As with Automatic Believing, if we are hurrying or are distracted, we may not get to this second step. This makes internal attribution more likely than external attribution. Sex discrimination act 1975 Sex Discrimination Act 1975 The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 applies to men, women and gender reassignees and states that it is unlawful for an employer to discriminate or fail to prevent discrimination against a worker because of his or her gender, marital or gender reassignment status The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 states that there are two types of sex discrimination: Direct discrimination This occurs where a worker has been treated less favourably than another in similar relevant circumstances on the grounds of his or her gender, and the treatment has resulted in dismissal, denial of opportunities within or for employment or training, or any other detriment. Indirect discrimination This occurs where a provision, criterion or practice is applied equally to both male and female workers and three conditions are jointly fulfilled: * The proportion of one gender who can comply is, in practice, considerably smaller than the other; * A worker suffers a detriment as a result; * The employer cannot show the condition or requirement to be objectively justifiable. For example, indirect sexual discrimination could occur if an employer applied a redundancy policy by selecting only part-time workers. This is because such action would discriminate disproportionately against women, as over 80% of part-time workers in the United Kingdom are women. Race relation act 1976 The race relation’s act 1976 makes discrimination on racial grounds unlawful in employment, training education and the provision of goods, facilities and services. The act defines two main types of discrimination: direct discrimination and indirect discrimination. Direct discrimination Direct discrimination occurs when someone Is treated less favourably on racial grounds. Racial grounds do not only include grounds of race but also those of colour, nationality, citizenship and ethnic or national origin. For example a dress manufacturing company advertises in the local newspaper for a Turkish machinist, Indirect discrimination: Indirect discrimination occurs when rules, requirements, or conditions that appear to be fair – because they apply equally to everyone- can be shown to put people from a particular racial group a much greater disadvantage than others and the rules cannot be objectively justified. A racial groups may be defined by race, colour, nationality and ethnic or national origin. For example an advertisement asks for ability to speak Bengali. This requirement discriminates indirectly against people who do not speak Bengali and will be unlawful unless it can be justified by the nature of the job For example it would be unjustified to ask for Bengali speaker if the job involves working with people who can communicate well only in Bengali. Another example of an indirect discrimination is an advertisement invites applicants who speak English as their mother tongue. This requirement too, discriminates indirectly against people who speak English fluently, but not as their mother tongue. This kind of requirement will rarely be justified. If an especially high standard of English is needed for a particular job it would be better to ask for just that ‘a very high standard of written and spoken English’ or alternatively, ‘fluent English’ Example: the race relations act does not cover discrimination indirectly on religious grounds, but advertisements inviting Muslim or Christian applicants may discriminate indirectly against some racial groups, and the requirements must be justified by the nature of the job. A religious requirement may be justified for jobs connected with a church, temple, mosque etc and possibly religious organisations.